Understanding Solid State Physics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to The First Edition
Author
Further Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Crystal Clear: Bonding and Crystal Structures
	2.1 Bonding in Solids
		2.1.1 Electrons in Atoms
		2.1.2 Ionic Bonding
			Attraction and Repulsion
			Cohesive Energy
		2.1.3 Covalent Bonding
		2.1.4 Metallic Bonding
		2.1.5 van der Waals Bonding
		2.1.6 Hydrogen Bonding
		2.1.7 Mixed Bonding
	2.2 Crystalline Solids
		2.2.1 Describing Crystal Structures
			Lattice and Basis
			Unit Cells
			Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems
		2.2.2 Crystalline Structures
			Simple Cubic Structure
			Body-Centred Cubic Structure
			Face-Centred Cubic Structure
			Caesium Chloride Structure
			Sodium Chloride Structure
			Zincblende Structure
			Diamond Structure
			Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure
			Tetragonal Structure
			Orthorhombic Structure
			The Trigonal, Triclinic, and Monoclinic Structures
		2.2.3 Quasicrystals
		2.2.4 Liquid Crystals
		2.2.5 Allotropes and Polymorphs
		2.2.6 Single Crystals and Polycrystals
		2.2.7 Graphene
		2.2.8 Directions, Planes, and Atomic Coordinates
			Directions
			Planes
			Atomic Coordinates
		2.2.9 More on Lattices
			Definition of Primitive Vectors
			Primitive Vectors of Various Structures
	Further Reading
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 3 The Rejection of Perfection: Defects, Amorphous Materials, and Polymers
	3.1 Defects
		3.1.1 Point Defects
			Schottky Defects, Frenkel Defects, and Impurities
			Colour Centres
			Nonstoichiometry
			Other Defects
		3.1.2 Dislocations
			Edge Dislocations and Screw Dislocations
			Dislocations and Crystal Growth
			Dislocation Density
			Stacking Faults
	3.2 Amorphous Materials
		3.2.1 Structure of Amorphous Materials
		3.2.2 Models of Amorphous Structures
			Dense Random Packing of Hard Spheres Model
			Continuous Random Network Model
			Defects in Amorphous Solids
		3.2.3 Glasses
		3.2.4 Preparation of Amorphous Materials
			Thermal Evaporation
			Sputtering
			Glow-Discharge Decomposition
			Chemical Vapour Deposition
	3.3 Polymers
		3.3.1 Structure of Polymers
			Bonding in Polymers
			Polymerization
			Crystallinity
		3.3.2 Thermoplastics
		3.3.3 Thermosets
		3.3.4 Elastomers
		3.3.5 Additives
	Further Reading
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 4 The Right Stuff: Choosing the Best Material for the Job
	4.1 Introduction to Macroscopic Properties of Solids
		4.1.1 Stress and Strain
			Stress–Strain Curves
			How Bonding Affects Mechanical Properties
		4.1.2 Plastic Deformation
			Slip
			Amorphous Materials and Polymers
		4.1.3 Testing, Testing
			Bend Tests
			Tensile Testing
			Impact Tests
			Virtual Testing
		4.1.4 Elasticity
			Moduli of Elasticity
			Poisson’s Ratio
			Atomic Movement
		4.1.5 Hardness
	4.2 Tailoring Materials for Specific Applications
		4.2.1 Alloys and Composites
			Alloys
			Composites
		4.2.2 Altering the Mechanical Properties of a Solid
	4.3 Recycling
		4.3.1 The Need for Recycling
		4.3.2 Recycled Products
	Further Reading
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 5 In, Out, Shake It All About: Diffraction, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Solids
	5.1 Diffraction
		5.1.1 Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation
			Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves
		5.1.2 How Waves Interact with Crystalline Solids
			The Bragg Law
			Atomic Scattering Factor
			Structure Factor
		5.1.3 Obtaining X-ray Diffraction Patterns
			Laue Method
			Rotating Crystal Method
			Powder Method
		5.1.4 The Reciprocal Lattice
		5.1.5 The Relationship between X-ray Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice
		5.1.6 Electron and Neutron Diffraction
			LEED and RHEED
	5.2 Lattice Vibrations and Phonons
		5.2.1 Atomic Vibrations in Crystalline Solids
			Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in Solids
		5.2.2 Phonons
	5.3 Thermal Properties
		5.3.1 Specific Heat
			Definition
			Specific Heat at Different Temperatures
		5.3.2 Thermal Conductivity
		5.3.3 Thermal Expansion
			Coefficients of Expansion
			Thermal Stresses
	Further Reading
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 6 Unable to Resist: Metals, Semiconductors, and Superconductors
	6.1 Free-Electron Models of Electrical Conduction
		6.1.1 Overview of Electrical Conduction
			Conductivity and Resistivity
			Origins of the Resistivity
			Electron Mean Free Path
			Wiedemann–Franz Law
		6.1.2 Drude’s Classical Free-Electron Model
		6.1.3 Pauli’s Quantum Free-Electron Model
			States of the Free-Electron Model
			Fermi Energy
			E-k Relationship
			Effective Mass
			Fermi Surfaces
			Electronic Contribution to the Specific Heat
	6.2 Energy Band Formation
		6.2.1 Nearly Free-Electron Model
		6.2.2 Tight-Binding Model
	6.3 Simple Band Theory
		6.3.1 Application of Band Theory to Real Solids
			Energy Band Formation for a Conductor
			Energy Bands for Insulators
			Conduction in Polymers
		6.3.2 Density of States in Energy Bands
	6.4 Elemental and Compound Semiconductors
		6.4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
			Conductivity of Intrinsic Semiconductors
			Intrinsic Carrier Concentrations
			Doping to Produce n-type and p-type Semiconductors
			Majority and Minority Carriers
			The Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductors
			The Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors
			More on Carrier Concentrations
		6.4.2 Motion of Charge Carriers in Semiconductors
			Drift Velocity
			Thermal Velocity
			Overall Motion
			Conductivity
			Diffusion
	6.5 Superconductivity
		6.5.1 Introduction to Superconductivity
			Type I and Type II Superconductors
			High-Temperature Superconductors
			The Meissner Effect
			Thermal Properties
			BCS Theory
		6.5.2 Superconductor Technology
			Superconducting Magnets
			Maglev Trains
			Future Applications
	References
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 7 Chips with Everything: Semiconductor Devices and Dielectrics
	7.1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices
		7.1.1 p-n Junctions
			Forming a p-n Junction
			Unbiased Junction in Thermal Equilibrium
			Reverse Bias
			Forward Bias
			Rectification
			Breakdown
		7.1.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors
		7.1.3 Field-Effect Transistors
			Enhancement-Mode MOSFETs
			Depletion-Mode MOSFETs
			CMOS
			Thin-Film Transistors
	7.2 Optoelectronic Devices
		7.2.1 Interaction between Light and Semiconductors
			Optical Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, and Stimulated Emission
			Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors
		7.2.2 LEDs
		7.2.3 Semiconductor Lasers
		7.2.4 Heterostructures
		7.2.5 Solar Cells
		7.2.6 MOS Capacitor
	7.3 Device Manufacture
		7.3.1 Crystal Growth
			Czochralski Technique
			Bridgman Technique
			Floating Zone Method
		7.3.2 Epitaxial Growth Methods
			Vapour-Phase Epitaxy
			Liquid-Phase Epitaxy
			Molecular Beam Epitaxy
		7.3.3 Deposition
			Chemical Vapour Deposition
		7.3.4 Lithography
		7.3.5 Doping Semiconductors
			Diffusion
			Ion Implantation
	7.4 Dielectrics
		7.4.1 Introduction to Dielectrics
			Electric Dipoles
			Polarisation
		7.4.2 Ferroelectricity
			Capacitors
		7.4.3 Piezoelectricity
	References
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 8 Living in a Magnetic World: Magnetism and Its Applications
	8.1 Introduction to Magnetism
		8.1.1 The Origins of Magnetism
		8.1.2 Magnetic Properties and Quantities
			Magnetic Flux Density
			Permeability
			Magnetisation
			Magnetic Susceptibility
	8.2 Types of Magnetism
		8.2.1 Diamagnetism
		8.2.2 Paramagnetism
			Atomic Paramagnetism
			Pauli Paramagnetism
			Overall Magnetism
		8.2.3 Ferromagnetism
			Formation of Domains
			Changes to Domain Structure due to the Application of a Magnetic Field
			Hysteresis
			Paramagnetic Region
		8.2.4 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism
			Antiferromagnetism
			Ferrimagnetism
	8.3 Technological Applications of Magnets and Magnetism
		8.3.1 Solenoids
		8.3.2 Electromagnets
		8.3.3 Permanent Magnets
		8.3.4 Magnetic Resonance
		8.3.5 Magnetic Recording
			Tape Recording
			Computer Disk Drives
			Giant Magnetoresistance
	References
	Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Appendix A: Some Useful Maths
Appendix B: Vibrations and Waves
Appendix C: Revision of Atomic Physics
Appendix D: Revision of Quantum Mechanics
Appendix E: Revision of Statistical Mechanics
Appendix F: Glossary of Terms
Index