Understanding Phonetics (Understanding Language)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Symbols for Transcribing English......Page 14
IPA Chart......Page 15
1.1 What we already know......Page 16
1.2 Three types of phonetics......Page 23
1.3 Accents and attitudes......Page 26
1.4 Phonetics and phonology......Page 27
1.5 Summary......Page 28
Further Reading......Page 29
2.1 What is the larynx?......Page 30
2.2 The larynx and voice......Page 33
2.3 The larynx as a place of articulation......Page 42
2.5 Voice and the IPA chart......Page 43
2.6 Summary......Page 44
Further reading......Page 45
3.1 The organs of speech......Page 46
3.2 The primary places of articulation......Page 49
3.3 The IPA chart......Page 53
3.4 Other place-associated variables......Page 59
Ear-training......Page 61
Further reading......Page 62
4.1 Directing airflow......Page 63
4.2 Representing consonants......Page 65
4.3 Manner of articulation......Page 67
4.4 Double and secondary articulations......Page 80
Ear-training......Page 81
Further reading......Page 82
5.1 Pulmonic airstream mechanisms......Page 83
5.2 Glottalic airstream mechanisms......Page 84
5.3 Velaric airstream mechanisms......Page 90
Further reading......Page 98
6.1 Basic parameters of vowel description......Page 99
6.2 Representing vowels......Page 102
6.3 The IPA chart vowel diagram......Page 111
6.4 Learning and remembering the sounds......Page 114
Further reading......Page 116
7.1 Quantity......Page 117
7.2 Complexity......Page 123
7.3 Other tongue gestures......Page 131
7.4 Further parameters of variation......Page 132
7.5 Summary......Page 133
Further reading......Page 134
8.1 Further contributions by the vocal folds......Page 135
8.2 Further variations based on place of articulation......Page 146
8.3 Further variations affecting manner of articulation......Page 149
8.4 Duration in consonants......Page 156
8.5 Summary......Page 157
Further reading......Page 158
9.1 Phonetic transcription and acoustic cues......Page 159
9.2 Coarticulation......Page 166
9.3 Summary......Page 172
Further reading......Page 173
10.2 Stress......Page 174
10.3 Accent......Page 183
10.4 Tone......Page 188
10.5 Intonation......Page 193
Ear-training......Page 196
Further reading......Page 197
Answers to exercises......Page 198
Bibliography......Page 224
C......Page 230
H......Page 231
M......Page 232
S......Page 233
Z......Page 234
S......Page 235
A......Page 236
C......Page 237
G......Page 238
L......Page 239
N......Page 240
P......Page 241
S......Page 242
T......Page 243
V......Page 244
Z......Page 245