Understanding Morphology (Understanding Language)

Book title......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface to the second edition......Page 12
Preface to the first edition......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 16
1.1 What is morphology?......Page 18
1.2 Morphology in different languages......Page 21
1.3 The goals of morphological research......Page 23
1.4 A brief user\'s guide to this book......Page 26
Further reading......Page 28
Comprehension exercises......Page 29
2 Basic concepts......Page 31
2.1 Lexemes and word-forms......Page 32
2.2 Affixes, bases and roots......Page 36
2.3 Morphemes and allomorphs......Page 39
Appendix. Morpheme-by-morpheme glosses......Page 44
Comprehension exercises......Page 46
Exploratory exercise......Page 47
3 Rules......Page 50
3.1.1 Affixation and compounding......Page 51
3.1.2 Base modification......Page 52
3.1.3 Reduplication......Page 55
3.1.4 Conversion......Page 56
3.2 Two approaches to morphological rules......Page 57
3.2.1 The morpheme-based model......Page 58
3.2.2 The word-based model......Page 63
Further reading......Page 71
Comprehension exercises......Page 72
Exploratory exercise......Page 73
4 Lexicon......Page 77
4.1 A morpheme lexicon?......Page 78
4.2 A strict word-form lexicon?......Page 83
4.3 Reconciling word-forms and morphemes......Page 87
Further reading......Page 92
Comprehension exercises......Page 93
Exploratory exercise......Page 94
5.1 Inflectional values......Page 98
5.2 Derivational meanings......Page 103
5.2.1 Derived nouns......Page 104
5.2.2 Derived verbs......Page 105
5.3 Properties of inflection and derivation......Page 106
5.3.1 Relevance to the syntax......Page 107
5.3.2 Obligatoriness......Page 109
5.3.4 Same concept as base......Page 110
5.3.6 Meaning compositionality......Page 111
5.3.7 Position relative to base......Page 112
5.3.9 Word-class change......Page 113
5.4 Dichotomy or continuum?......Page 115
5.4.1 Inherent and contextual inflection......Page 117
5.5.1 The dichotomy approach and split morphology......Page 119
5.5.2 The continuum approach and single-component architecture......Page 122
Summary of Chapter 5......Page 123
Appendix. Notation conventions for inflectional values......Page 124
Further reading......Page 126
Exploratory exercise......Page 127
6.1 Speakers\' knowledge of productivity......Page 131
6.2 Productivity, creativity and gradience......Page 133
6.3 Restrictions on word-formation rules......Page 134
6.3.1 Phonological restrictions......Page 135
6.3.2 Semantic restrictions......Page 136
6.3.4 Morphological restrictions......Page 137
6.3.5 Borrowed vocabulary strata......Page 138
6.4 Productivity and the lexicon......Page 139
6.4.1 Processing restrictions......Page 140
6.4.2 Synonymy blocking......Page 142
6.4.3 Productivity and analogy......Page 144
6.5 Measuring productivity......Page 146
Summary of Chapter 6......Page 148
Further reading......Page 149
Comprehension exercises......Page 150
Exploratory exercise......Page 151
7.1 Compounding types......Page 154
7.2 Hierarchical structure in compounds......Page 159
7.3 Hierarchical structure in derived lexemes......Page 161
7.4 Parallels between syntax and morphology?......Page 164
Further reading......Page 167
Comprehension exercises......Page 168
Exploratory exercise......Page 169
8.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in morphology......Page 173
8.2 Inflection classes......Page 175
8.2.1 Inflection class assignment......Page 177
8.2.2 Relationship to gender......Page 179
8.2.3 Inflection classes and productivity......Page 180
8.3 Paradigmatic relations and inflection class shift......Page 182
8.4 Inheritance hierarchies......Page 184
8.5 Stems and Priscianic formation......Page 189
8.6.1 Systematic versus accidental inflectional homonymy......Page 191
8.6.2 Underspecification......Page 193
8.6.3 Rules of referral......Page 196
8.7.1 Defectiveness......Page 197
8.7.2 Deponency......Page 199
8.8 Periphrasis......Page 200
Further reading......Page 201
Comprehension exercises......Page 202
Exploratory exercise......Page 204
9 Words and phrases......Page 206
9.1 Compounds versus phrases......Page 207
9.2 Free forms versus bound forms......Page 213
9.3 Clitics versus affixes......Page 214
9.4 Lexical integrity......Page 220
Summary of Chapter 9......Page 223
Comprehension exercises......Page 224
Exploratory exercise......Page 226
10.1 Two types of alternations......Page 228
10.2 The productivity of morphophonological alternations......Page 234
10.3 The diachrony of morphophonological alternations......Page 237
10.4 Morphophonology as phonology......Page 239
10.5 Morphophonology as morphology......Page 245
Further reading......Page 248
Comprehension exercises......Page 249
11.1.1 Semantic valence and syntactic valence (argument structure and function structure)......Page 251
11.1.2 Agent-backgrounding operations......Page 254
11.1.3 Patient-backgrounding operations......Page 257
11.1.4 Agent-adding operations: causatives......Page 258
11.1.5 Object-creating operations: applicatives......Page 259
11.1.6 General properties of valence-changing operations......Page 260
11.2.1 Noun incorporation......Page 262
11.2.2 V–V compound verbs......Page 264
11.2.3 Synthetic nominal compounds......Page 266
11.3.1 Transposition and argument inheritance......Page 270
11.3.2 Action nouns (V → N)......Page 271
11.3.3 Agent nouns (V → N) and deverbal adjectives (V → A)......Page 272
11.3.4 Deadjectival transposition (A → N, A → V)......Page 273
11.4 Transpositional inflection......Page 274
Summary of Chapter 11......Page 279
Comprehension exercises......Page 280
12.1.1 Frequent and rare values......Page 282
12.1.2 The correlation between frequency and shortness......Page 284
12.1.3 The correlation between frequency and differentiation......Page 285
12.1.4 Local frequency reversals......Page 287
12.1.5 Explaining the correlations......Page 289
12.2 The direction of analogical levelling......Page 290
12.3 Frequency and irregularity......Page 291
Summary of Chapter 12......Page 293
Comprehension exercises......Page 294
Exploratory exercise......Page 295
Key to comprehension exercises......Page 298
References......Page 318
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