Understanding Mobility as a Service (MaaS): Past, Present and Future

Cover
Front Matter
Copyright
About the authors
Foreword
Testimonials
1
Overview
	Introduction
	Themes to contemplate
	Structure of the following chapters
2
What is MaaS and how it fits into the transport landscape
	Introduction
	Conceptualising MaaS: Bringing clarity to the proposition
	Genesis for MaaS: Emerging transport disruptors
	What could this mean for the transport landscape?
		Modal displacement: Effect of TNCs and personalised modes
		Modal convergence: Effect of autonomous technologies
	Modal efficiency and the rationale for integration
		How might MaaS vary between different geographic contexts?
	Improving modal efficiency through MaaS
		Spatial integration
		Temporal opportunities
	Demographic change and the sharing culture: Niche or scalable?
	Conclusions
3
Global debate and experience with MaaS
	Introduction
	Background to mobility as a service
	What is meant now by mobility as a service?
	Levels of integration and mobility as a service
	Beyond the definition—Charting the development of mobility as a service
		The Finnish experience with MaaS
		The Swedish experience
		The UK experience
	Reflections on the global debate
4
MaaS trials—What have we learnt?
	Introduction
	MaaS trials
		UbiGo, Gothenburg 2013–2014
		Whim, Helsinki 2016—Present
		EC2B, Gothenburg 2019—Present
		Mobil-flat, Augsburg 2018—Present
		Tripi, Sydney 2019—Present
	Lessons learnt
		Lesson 1: MaaS is more than an app and a subscription plan
		Lesson 2: MaaS can attract interest, but might not be for everyone
		Lesson 3: MaaS can influence travel behaviour, but not on its own
		Lesson 4: MaaS trials are costly, and tricky to build on
		Lesson 5: MaaS trials can create both direct and indirect returns
	Avenues for further experimentation and research
5
What do we know about market interest and potential uptake?
	Introduction
	Research on MaaS demand: Market surveys and real-world trials
	Market interest
		Digital platform (MaaS app)
		Mix of transport modes offer
		Population segment and MaaS niche market
	Willingness to pay and potential uptake
	Conclusions
6
How might MaaS be best introduced to the market?
	Introduction
	How do governments procure transportation?
		Partnerships in mobility provision
	Establishing a MaaS broker/aggregator
		Who takes the lead? Government or private sector
	A structured ecosystem for delivering MaaS a
		Free market operation
		Government-contracted model
	Business preference for a MaaS mobility model
	Conclusions
7
Institutional barriers and governance
	Introduction
	Institutional framework
	Institutional barriers to Mobility-as-a-Service
		Macro-level barriers
		Meso-level barriers
		Micro-level barriers
	Implications for governance
		Establish a vision and a principal strategy for MaaS, based on policy objectives
			Addressing barriers 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10
		Explore mode-agnostic organisations, missions, and contracts
			Addressing barriers 1 and 2
		Scrap excessive subsidisation of car ownership and use
			Addressing barriers 3 and 13
		Implement more collaborative models for public-private innovation
			Addressing barriers 5 and 8
		Target urban and sub-urban multi-modalists initially
			Addressing barrier 11
	Concluding remarks
8
MaaS and issues impacting on broader transport and societal goals
	Introduction
	Smart transition and societal impacts
	Moving beyond the interest of MaaS providers and users
	Some big questions currently without clear answers
	MaaS and potential implications for levels of road congestion
	MaaS and the future of conventional public transport
	The multimodal conundrum for MaaS
	Health
	Greater government influence in MaaS provision
	Government’s role in pricing and subsidy
	Conclusions
9
Future challenges
	Introduction
	Revisiting the questions of the global debate
	Unanswered and unasked questions: Framing the future research directions
	Final words
References
Index
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