Understanding media industries

Understanding Media Industries......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 17
CHAPTER 1: Understanding Media Industries......Page 20
 UNDERSTANDING MEDIA INDUSTRIES......Page 21
  Why Study Media Industries?......Page 23
   Defining Media Industries......Page 24
  Media Industries in Society......Page 25
   All Media Matter in the Public Sphere......Page 26
 AGENCY AND IDEOLOGY IN MEDIA INDUSTRIES......Page 29
  Agency in Media Organizations......Page 30
   Organizational Cultures and Norms......Page 31
   Cultures of Production......Page 32
 UNDERSTANDING MEDIA INDUSTRIES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY......Page 34
  The Rise of Information Economy......Page 35
  The Emergence of Mass Customization......Page 36
   Long Downturn......Page 37
   Media Industries and Mass Customization......Page 38
 QUESTIONS......Page 40
 NOTES......Page 41
 THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CULTURE FRAMEWORK......Page 42
  Mandates......Page 44
  Conditions......Page 45
  Practices......Page 46
 HOW DOES THIS FRAMEWORK WORK?......Page 47
  Fundamentals of Media Commodities......Page 49
  Media Industry Responses to Risk......Page 51
   Ownership and Conglomeration Strategies......Page 52
   Formatting......Page 59
 CONCLUSION......Page 62
 FURTHER READING......Page 63
 NOTES......Page 65
CHAPTER 3: Media Industry Mandates......Page 66
  Commercial Media......Page 70
   Public Mandate Media......Page 72
   Community, Alternative/DIY Mandate Media......Page 75
   Governmental Mandate Media......Page 77
 MANDATES IN ACTION......Page 79
  Establishing the Mandate of US Broadcasting......Page 80
 LIMITS OF MANDATES......Page 82
 FURTHER READING......Page 83
 NOTES......Page 84
CHAPTER 4: Regulation of the Media Industries......Page 86
 WHY IS BROADCASTING DIFFERENT?......Page 89
  Governmental Bodies......Page 92
  International Regulations......Page 95
  Self-Regulation......Page 97
  Content Regulations......Page 99
   Copyright......Page 101
   Ownership Regulations......Page 104
   Economic Regulations: Rate Control and Subsidies......Page 107
   Licenses and License Renewal......Page 108
   Monopoly and Antitrust Restrictions......Page 109
  Regulations Governing Distribution......Page 110
  Prosocial Regulation......Page 111
  Technological Standards: The Case of the Digital Television Transition......Page 112
 CONCLUSION......Page 113
 FURTHER READING......Page 114
 NOTES......Page 115
CHAPTER 5. Economic Conditions in Media Production......Page 116
 THE CREATIVE AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF COST STRUCTURES AND FINANCING MECHANISMS......Page 118
   Development Costs......Page 119
   Marketing and Distribution Costs......Page 120
   Overhead Costs......Page 121
   Independent Funding of a Single Good......Page 122
   Financing a Single Media Good Through Publisher Funding......Page 125
   Financing a Continuous Medium......Page 127
  Characteristics of Advertiser-Supported Media......Page 132
  Characteristics of Media Not Supported by Advertising......Page 135
   Subscription......Page 136
   Emerging Payment Models......Page 137
  Characteristics of Media With Dual Revenue Streams......Page 138
 EMERGING BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOR MEDIA INDUSTRIES......Page 140
 CONCLUSION......Page 141
 QUESTIONS......Page 143
 NOTES......Page 144
CHAPTER 6: Technological Conditions of the Media Industries......Page 148
 THEORIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE......Page 151
  The Circuit of Cultural Production......Page 153
 TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER CONDITIONS......Page 155
  Technology and Industry Structure......Page 156
  Technology and Prevalent Business Models......Page 157
 TECHNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND MEDIA INDUSTRY PRACTICES......Page 160
 INDUSTRIAL RESTRAINTS ON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION......Page 162
 CONCLUSION......Page 164
 FURTHER READING......Page 165
 NOTES......Page 166
CHAPTER 7: Creative Practices and Media Work......Page 168
 CREATIVE VISIONS: APPROACHES TO MAKING MEDIA......Page 170
 CREATIVE ROLES ABOVE AND BELOW THE LINE......Page 173
 INDUSTRY EXECUTIVES: ENABLING AND LIMITING CREATIVITY......Page 174
  Commercial Influences: Audience Research......Page 177
  Commercial Influences: Industry Norms, Organizational Cultures, and Circumscribed Agency......Page 180
 CREATIVITY IN AN ERA OF CHANGE......Page 184
  Creativity and Labor Practices in Digital Media Industries......Page 185
 CONCLUSION......Page 187
 FURTHER READING......Page 188
 NOTES......Page 189
CHAPTER 8: Media Distribution and Aggregation Practices......Page 190
 DISTINGUISHING DISTRIBUTION AND AGGREGATION PRACTICES......Page 191
  The Roles of Distributors......Page 196
  The Roles of Aggregators......Page 199
 DISTRIBUTION AND AGGREGATION STRATEGIES......Page 200
  Windowing: A Changing Strategy of Media Distribution......Page 202
 CONCLUSION......Page 205
 FURTHER READING......Page 206
 NOTES......Page 207
CHAPTER 9: Digitization......Page 208
 UNDERSTANDING DIGITIZATION......Page 209
 DIGITIZATION AND SHIFTS IN PRODUCTION......Page 212
  Print......Page 213
  Audio......Page 216
  Video......Page 217
 DIGITIZATION AND SHIFTS IN AGGREGATION AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 220
  Digital Distribution in the Newspaper Industry......Page 222
 DIGITIZATION AND CHANGES IN USE......Page 226
  Choice......Page 227
  Fragmentation......Page 228
  Convenience......Page 230
 COMING CHANGE......Page 231
 CONCLUSION......Page 233
 QUESTIONS......Page 234
 NOTES......Page 235
CHAPTER 10: Media Globalization......Page 238
 THE HISTORY OF MEDIA GLOBALIZATION AND AMERICAN DOMINANCE......Page 240
 DRIVERS OF MEDIA GLOBALIZATION......Page 241
  Gaming......Page 242
  Newspapers......Page 243
  Advertising......Page 244
  Cultural Barriers......Page 245
  Technological and Regulatory Barriers......Page 246
 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO GLOBALIZATION......Page 248
  Global Promotions and Buzz......Page 249
  International Co-Production......Page 250
  Dubbing and Subtitling......Page 252
  Localization......Page 254
  Outsourcing......Page 255
 MEDIA GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH......Page 256
 THE COMMERCIAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEDIA GLOBALIZATION Expanded Markets and Innovations......Page 257
  Cultural Imperialism Versus Hybridity......Page 259
 CONCLUSION......Page 260
 QUESTIONS......Page 261
 NOTES......Page 262
Glossary......Page 264
Credits......Page 282
Index......Page 284