Understanding Drugs, Alcohol and Crime (Crime and Justice)

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 11
Foreword......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Introduction......Page 18
What are drugs?......Page 19
What are ‘illegal drugs’?......Page 20
What are drug offences?......Page 21
What is drug-related crime?......Page 22
The nature of the problems of drug misuse......Page 23
What is drug misuse?......Page 24
What is problematic drug use?......Page 25
What is drug dependence?......Page 26
Why is drug misuse a social problem?......Page 27
The nature of the drugs–crime connection......Page 28
The nature of the book......Page 30
Further reading......Page 31
When drug use was not a problem......Page 32
The medicalization of drug use......Page 34
The prevention of drug use......Page 41
Reducing supply......Page 42
Reducing demand......Page 43
Reducing harm......Page 44
The Netherlands......Page 46
Switzerland......Page 48
Sweden......Page 49
United States......Page 50
Conclusion......Page 51
Further reading......Page 52
Demand for drugs......Page 53
Drug use in the general population......Page 54
Drug use in offender populations......Page 57
Trends in demand......Page 59
Drug markets......Page 62
Seizures......Page 64
Trends in supply......Page 65
Summary......Page 66
Addiction and dependence......Page 67
Health problems relating to injection......Page 69
Economic and social costs......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 71
Further reading......Page 72
Types of drugs misused......Page 73
Variations over time......Page 74
Variations across countries......Page 75
The effects of drug use......Page 76
Long-term effects......Page 77
Methods of administration......Page 78
Reasons for selecting particular methods......Page 79
Method of administration and crime......Page 80
Illegal sources of supply......Page 81
Drug markets and crime......Page 82
Patterns of individual drug use......Page 83
Patterns of multiple drug use......Page 84
Patterns of individual drug use and crime......Page 85
Patterns of multiple drug use and crime......Page 86
Motives for continuing......Page 87
Motives for stopping......Page 88
Conclusion......Page 89
Further reading......Page 90
Terminology......Page 91
Types of explanation......Page 92
Types of connection......Page 93
Types of measures......Page 96
Psychopharmacological explanations......Page 97
Economic explanations......Page 100
Reciprocal model......Page 105
Psychopharmacological explanations......Page 103
Environmental explanations......Page 107
Coincidence models......Page 108
Further reading......Page 109
Introduction......Page 110
Previous reviews......Page 111
Involvement in drug use and involvement in crime......Page 112
Summary......Page 114
Frequency of drug use and frequency of crime......Page 115
Disaggregating the drugs–crime relationship......Page 118
Types of drug and types of crime......Page 119
Types of drug user and types of offender......Page 121
Economic explanations......Page 122
Lifestyle explanations......Page 123
Number of drug types used and crime......Page 124
Summary......Page 125
Conclusion......Page 126
Further reading......Page 127
Introduction......Page 128
Drug users......Page 129
Offenders......Page 130
Summary......Page 132
Drug users......Page 133
Offenders......Page 134
Summary......Page 135
Drug use causes crime......Page 136
Crime and drug use are reciprocal......Page 140
Summary......Page 141
Conclusion......Page 142
Further reading......Page 143
Previous reviews of treatment......Page 144
Previous reviews of criminal justice programmes......Page 146
Description of programmes......Page 148
Effectiveness of programmes......Page 149
Description of programmes......Page 154
Effectiveness of programmes......Page 155
Variations by the type of programme......Page 158
Variations by intensity of the programme......Page 159
Variations by the characteristics of subjects......Page 160
Conclusion......Page 162
Further reading......Page 163
What do we know about the drugs–crime connection?......Page 164
What is the nature of the drugs–crime connection?......Page 165
What research evidence is there that drugs and crime are connected?......Page 166
What research evidence is there that drug misuse causes crime?......Page 167
What laws and policies address the drugs–crime connection?......Page 168
How effective are these laws and policies in reducing drug-related crime?......Page 169
Has the anti-drugs strategy worked?......Page 170
The importance of the quality of the intervention......Page 171
Lessons from research on the drugs–crime connection......Page 172
Lessons from evaluations of interventions......Page 173
Where now?......Page 174
Further reading......Page 175
References......Page 176
Index......Page 191