Understanding Digital Signal Processing

Drug Targeting Technology: Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 0
A. pH......Page 12
B. Ionic State......Page 13
D. Gastric Emptying......Page 14
F. Age......Page 15
B. Stability of Polymers......Page 16
1. Single/multiple Layer Coating......Page 17
2. Organic and Aqueous Coating......Page 20
1. Thickness......Page 21
3. Other Excipients......Page 22
1. Tablets......Page 24
3. Multiple Units......Page 25
A. In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation......Page 27
B. In Vivo Testing......Page 28
V. APPLICATIONS......Page 31
VI. OUTLOOK......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
II. PHYSIOLOGICAL REALITIES AND COLONIC ABSORPTION......Page 40
III. GOALS OF COLON TARGETING......Page 41
A. Current Prolonged-Release Materials......Page 42
IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COLON TARGETING......Page 44
V. TESTING COLONIC BIODEGRADATION......Page 45
2. Glycoside-Prodrugs......Page 47
4. Dextran Prodrugs......Page 48
2. Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides......Page 49
4. Chitosan......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
II. INTRODUCTION......Page 59
A. Pharmacodynamic Drug Characteristics......Page 61
C. Oral Bioavailability......Page 62
D. Delivery Systems, Deposition Ratio, and Regional Lung Deposition......Page 63
E. Pulmonary Residence Time......Page 64
1. Dissolution Rate......Page 65
F. Modulation of Pulmonary Selectivity by Sustained-release Drug Delivery Systems......Page 66
G. Biological Interaction Leading to Prolonged Pulmonary Residence Time......Page 68
H. Speci.c Uptake into Cells......Page 69
A. Liposomes......Page 70
B. Microspheres and Microparticles......Page 77
C. Coated Particles......Page 78
E. Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Targeting......Page 79
F. Pulmonary Macrophage Targeting......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 82
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 92
II. LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION AND THE PREABSORPTIVE PHASE......Page 93
IV. LIPIDS AND BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT......Page 95
A. Bioavailability Enhancement by Means of Physicochemical Mechanisms......Page 96
B. Bioavailability Enhancement by Means of Biochemical/Metabolic Mechanisms......Page 102
V. LIPIDS AND TARGETING TO THE INTESTINAL LYMPH......Page 108
VI. LIPIDS AND DRUG BINDING TO PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS......Page 114
A. The Impact of Lipid-induced Alterations in Drug–LP Binding Pro.les on Drug Pharmacokinetics......Page 123
B. The Impact of Lipid-induced Alterations in Drug–LP Binding Pro.les on Drug Pharmacodynamics......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 126
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 138
A. Vesicles Affect Skin Penetration In Vitro......Page 140
B. Vesicles Affect Skin Penetration In Vivo......Page 145
C. Conclusions......Page 149
A. Introduction......Page 151
C. Amphiphilic Molecules as Penetration Enhancers......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 160
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
II. PRINCIPLES OF RETROMETABOLIC DRUG DESIGN......Page 171
III. SOFT DRUGS......Page 172
A. Loteprednol Etabonate......Page 174
IV. CHEMICAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS......Page 178
A. Brain-targeting Chemical Delivery Systems......Page 179
B. Estradiol-CDS......Page 183
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 194
II. THE LIVER......Page 195
A. Parenchymal Cells......Page 196
B. Kupffer Cells......Page 197
C. Endothelial Cells......Page 199
D. Hepatic Stellate Cells......Page 200
A. Liver Cirrhosis or Fibrosis......Page 204
B. Infectious Liver Diseases......Page 206
C. Liver Cancer......Page 208
IV. CELL-SPECIFIC CARRIER SYSTEMS......Page 209
V. CRITICAL ASPECTS OF CONJUGATES TARGETED TO THE LIVER......Page 211
VI. MODIFIED ALBUMINS......Page 213
A. Chemical Preparation of the Modi.ed Albumins......Page 216
1. In Vivo Studies......Page 218
2. In Vitro Studies......Page 220
C. Drug-Albumin Conjugates......Page 221
1. Liver Cirrhosis or Fibrosis......Page 222
2. Infectious Liver Diseases......Page 224
3. Liver Cancer......Page 225
4. Diagnostic Purposes......Page 226
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 228
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 246
III. DNA CONDENSATION AND LOADING......Page 247
IV. PLASMID DELIVERY WITH ARTIFICIAL VIRAL ENVELOPES......Page 249
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
I. SUMMARY......Page 254
III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVJ LIPOSOMES......Page 255
B. Penetration of the Vector into Tissues......Page 257
A. AVE Liposome: A New Anionic HVJ Liposome......Page 258
B. Development of HVJ-cationic Liposomes......Page 259
C. Malignant Glioma......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
A. Immunological Approaches for the Modi.cation of Adenoviral Tropism......Page 267
B. Genetic Approaches for Modi.cation of Adenoviral Tropism......Page 269
III. TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGETING......Page 270
C. Tumor-selective Promoters......Page 271
D. Treatment-responsive Promoters......Page 273
F. Enhancing the Activity of Tissue-speci.c or Other Selective Promoters......Page 274
IV. TARGETING OF VIRAL REPLICATION TO TUMORS......Page 275
A. Targeting of Tumor-speci.c Dysfunctions in Cells Cycle Control or Apoptosis by Adenovirus Mutants......Page 276
REFERENCES......Page 277