Understanding Cyber Warfare: Politics, Policy And Strategy

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Praise......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents
......Page 6
Boxes......Page 7
Tables......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 9
List of abbreviations......Page 10
Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 12
Aims of the book......Page 13
What is cyber-security?......Page 14
What is the scope of cyber warfare and conflict?......Page 15
Themes of the book......Page 16
Notes......Page 19
Further reading......Page 20
Chapter 2: The technological foundations of insecurity in the digital age......Page 21
The technological foundations of cyber insecurity......Page 22
What’s vulnerable in the information age?......Page 40
Beyond design: network externalities as an underlying source of insecurity......Page 43
Notes......Page 44
Further reading......Page 46
Chapter 3: Cyberspace and international relations......Page 47
The rise of a global cyber ecosystem......Page 48
Why cyberspace matters for IR theory......Page 53
Realism, liberalism, constructivism: IR’s paradigms and cyber conflict......Page 57
Notes......Page 67
Further reading......Page 70
The unbreakable marriage of computers and espionage......Page 72
Enter Enigma......Page 74
The Tunny and the Colossus......Page 79
Cold War computing and the move from narrow to general......Page 81
Enter the Internet......Page 82
Stunted development, crypto protection, and delayed realization......Page 83
Maturation and exploitation in the age of cyber conflict......Page 85
Towards cyber warfighting......Page 87
Notes......Page 88
Further reading......Page 90
OCOs and the digital domain today......Page 91
Offensive cyber operations as a revolution in military affairs......Page 94
The special characteristics of cyber “weapons”......Page 95
What do offensive cyber operations actually look like?......Page 103
Notes......Page 105
Further reading......Page 107
Chapter 6: A brief history of major cyber conflict episodes......Page 108
Formative episodes in the history of interstate cyber conflict......Page 109
Next steps......Page 122
Notes......Page 123
Further reading......Page 125
What is vulnerable in the age of cyber conflict?......Page 126
Cyberwar: how likely is it to take place?......Page 132
Does cyberspace make states more likely to attack one another?......Page 134
Can states use cyber weapons for coercion?......Page 140
Can states deter cyber aggression?......Page 144
Cyber power and power in the digital age......Page 148
Implications for policy and statecraft......Page 153
Notes......Page 154
Further reading......Page 159
Chapter 8: Cyber conflict as “not war”......Page 160
Between war and peace......Page 161
Information warfare......Page 163
The utility of cyber conflict for “not war”......Page 165
Making sense of cyber conflict in the “grey zone”......Page 169
Notes......Page 177
Further reading......Page 179
Non-state actors and cyber security: some terminology......Page 180
Social activism in the digital age......Page 183
Hactivism......Page 190
Terrorism and information technologies......Page 193
Subversion......Page 200
Criminal and political hacking......Page 205
Notes......Page 211
Further reading......Page 214
The shape of cyber-security policymaking......Page 215
Realization, fragmentation, and militarization......Page 219
U.S. cyber experience......Page 220
Europe, NATO, and cyber-security......Page 230
Polarizing perspectives: Russia and China’s cyber experiences......Page 236
On the periphery: the experiences of Iran and North Korea......Page 246
Notes......Page 251
Further reading......Page 255
Chapter 11: Norms, ethics, and international law for offensive cyber operations......Page 256
Indicators of early norms in the age of cyber conflict......Page 257
Organizational platforms and norm leaders’ efforts to reach consensus......Page 260
Predicting norm evolution going forward......Page 268
Notes......Page 278
Further reading......Page 282
The shape of global cyber conflict......Page 283
More wrenches in the works: revisiting exogenous development......Page 284
Where to from here?......Page 287
Notes......Page 288
Glossary......Page 289
Index......Page 298