Unauthorised Humanitarian Interventions in World Politics: An Assessment of Their Impact on International Society

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
2 English School as Theoretical Paradigm for the Analysis of Humanitarian Interventions
	2.1 International Society Theory: The Fundament of Solidarism and Pluralism
		2.1.1 International Structure and Normative Assumptions
		2.1.2 The Anatomy of International Society
		2.1.3 The Five Institutions of International Society and the HI-Debate
	2.2 The Solidarism-Pluralism Debate
	2.3 The Theoretical Fundaments of the HI Debate (Chapter Summary)
3 The Humanitarian Intervention Debate (State of the Art)
	3.1 Grotius and His Heirs: The Major Contributors to the HI Debate
	3.2 From the HI Debate to the R2P Debate: Scholars Making Politics
		3.2.1 What is the R2P?
		3.2.2 R2P’s Adaptation by International Society
		3.2.3 R2P’s Current State and Future
	3.3 Leftovers: Humanitarian Intervention in IR Theory and International law
	3.4 Abuse, Moral Hazard and Imperialism: Humanitarian Intervention’s Dark Side
	3.5 Framing the Humanitarian Intervention Debate (Chapter Summary)
4 Humanitarian Intervention: A Non-Normative and Analytical Definition
	4.1 What is Humanitarian? Differing Views According to Motivation and Outcome
	4.2 Armed Interferences: UNGAR 3314 and a Narrow Understanding of Intervention
	4.3 Infringement on the Principle of Sovereignty: The Prerogative of Invitation
	4.4 Massive Humanitarian Emergencies: The Shock of Mankind’s Conscience
	4.5 Humanitarian Motivation: The Interpretative Way
	4.6 UNSC as the Only ‘Competent Body’: Infringement on the Principle of Non-Intervention
	4.7 Positive Relief Effect: When the Outcome Justifies the Means
	4.8 The Definition of Humanitarian Intervention (Chapter Summary)
5 Impact Theorems: Concretising the Solidarism-Pluralism Debate on HI
	5.1 The Value Decay Cascade: Abusing Humanitarian Motivation
	5.2 Eclipsing the Security Council: The Impact of UHI’s on the Central Secondary Institution
	5.3 Positive-Progressive Impact by UHIs? The Stick-and-Carrot Approach and the Re-Empowering of the UNSC
	5.4 Impact Theorems as Fundament for the Operationalisation (Chapter Summary)
6 A Systematic Case Pre-Selection
	6.1 Approach and Data Sets for the Pre-Selection
	6.2 International Military Intervention Data Set
	6.3 Major Episodes of Political Violence Data Set
	6.4 Case Pre-Selection Step 1: Combined Military Interventions After Major Episodes of Political Violence Data Set
	6.5 Case Pre-Selection Step 2: Possible Humanitarian Interventions Data Set
	6.6 Identifying Possible Humanitarian Interventions (Chapter Summary)
7 Humanitarian Interventions in Contemporary History (1946–2005)
	7.1 Congo Crisis (1960)
		7.1.1 Belgian Evacuation Mission
		7.1.2 The Original ONUC Peacekeeping Mission
		7.1.3 The ONUC Intervention
		7.1.4 Humanitarian Intervention in the Congo Crisis (Subchapter Summary)
	7.2 Syrian Intervention in Jordan During Black September (1970)
	7.3 Indo-Pakistani War (1971)
	7.4 Interventions in the Lebanese Civil War (1976/1982)
		7.4.1 Syria’s Intervention
		7.4.2 The Arab League Intervention
		7.4.3 The Multilateral Interventions
		7.4.4 Preventive Interventions and Humanitarian Assistance Missions in the Lebanese Civil War (Subchapter Summary)
	7.5 Vietnamese-Cambodian War (1978)
	7.6 Uganda-Tanzania War (1979)
	7.7 India’s Assistance in the Sri Lankan Civil War (1987)
		7.7.1 Indian Humanitarian Aid Operations
		7.7.2 The Indian Peace-Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka
		7.7.3 India’s Assistance in the Sri Lankan Civil War (Subchapter Summary)
	7.8 The Liberian Civil War and ECOWAS’ Intervention (1990)
	7.9 The Gulf War and International Interventions in Iraq in the 1990s
		7.9.1 The Liberation of Kuwait by Operation Desert Storm
		7.9.2 The Multilateral Intervention Operation Provide Comfort
		7.9.3 Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch
		7.9.4 Multilateral Interventions in Iraq (Subchapter Summary)
	7.10 Bosnian War (1992 & 1993)
	7.11 Somali Civil War (1992 & 1993)
	7.12 Rwandan Genocide (1994)
	7.13 The First and Second Congo War (1996–2003)
		7.13.1 The First Congo War and the Multilateral Interventions
		7.13.2 The Second Congo War and the Multilateral Interventions
		7.13.3 Multilateral Interventions in the Congo Wars (Subchapter Summary)
	7.14 The Sierra Leonean Civil War and Its Assistance Missions (1997–2000)
		7.14.1 Nigeria’s and ECOWAS’ Interference in Summer 1997
		7.14.2 UK’s Extended Evacuation Mission in May 2000
		7.14.3 Multilateral Assistance in the Second Sierra Leonean Civil War (Subchapter Summary)
	7.15 Kosovo War (1999)
	7.16 East Timorese Independence and the Australian-led Intervention (1999)
	7.17 The Burundian Civil War (2001)
	7.18 The Entirety of Unauthorised Humanitarian Interventions (Chapter Summary)
		7.18.1 Moments of World Society—The Authorised Humanitarian Interventions
		7.18.2 New Concept of Sovereignty and New Borders for Non-Intervention?—The Unauthorised Humanitarian Interventions
8 Operationalisation and Research Design
	8.1 The Previous Research Process
	8.2 Methodological Approach
	8.3 Case Selection and Time Frame for the Case Studies
	8.4 Operationalisation: Subsidiary Research Questions and Indicators
	8.5 Research Design: The Structure of the Empirical Analysis
	8.6 Empirical Fundament: Data and Material Selection
		8.6.1 MHRVA Indices
		8.6.2 Peace Operations within Five Years of Onset of a War (A Data Set by Bellamy & Williams)
		8.6.3 HR4 Index (HRCm)
		8.6.4 acPTS Index (HRCp)
		8.6.5 Data and Material for the Empirical-Analytical Assessments (Subchapter Summary)
	8.7 Operationalisation and Research Design (Chapter Summary)
9 Short of Great Power Politics, Short of Impact: The UHIs in the Cold War
	9.1 Case Descriptions: East Pakistan 1971, Lebanon 1976, Cambodia 1978 & Uganda 1979
	9.2 Impact on International Order: Statistical Findings and Assessment in Literature
	9.3 Impact on Human Rights: Statistical Findings
	9.4 Insignificant and Negligible: UHIs in the Cold War (Chapter Summary)
10 The Benefit of Being on One’s Own: The Impact of ECOWAS’ UHI in Liberia
	10.1 Case Description: Liberia 1990
	10.2 Impact on International Order: Statistical Findings
		10.2.1 Peacekeeping Record
		10.2.2 MHRVA Indices and UNSC Record
		10.2.3 Quantitative Analysis of the Impact on International Order (Subchapter Summary)
	10.3 Impact on International Order: Assessment in Literature
	10.4 Impact on Human Rights: Statistical Findings
	10.5 Impact on Human Rights: Assessment in Literature
	10.6 Hazard-Free Within Regional Communities: UHI by ECOWAS (Chapter Summary)
11 The Coerced Great Power Concert: The Impact of NATO’s UHI in Kosovo
	11.1 Case Description: Kosovo 1999
	11.2 Impact on International Order: Statistical Findings
		11.2.1 Peacekeeping Record
		11.2.2 MHRVA Indices and UNSC Record
		11.2.3 Quantitative Analysis of the Impact on International Order (Subchapter Summary)
	11.3 Impact on International Order: Assessment in Literature
	11.4 Impact on Human Rights: Statistical Findings
	11.5 Impact on Human Rights: Assessment in Literature
	11.6 Using the Outside Option, Once-in-a-Lifetime: UHI by NATO (Chapter Summary)
12 The Tale of Opened Floodgates: Comparing and Explaining the Impact of UHIs on International and Regional Order
	12.1 Comparing the Impact of UHIs on International and Regional Order
	12.2 The Legitimate Body: UNSC and International Security
		12.2.1 Legitimacy by Political Practice
		12.2.2 Legitimacy by Performance
		12.2.3 Legitimacy Through Deliberative Action
		12.2.4 The UNSC as Legitimate Body for the Maintenance of International Order
	12.3 World’s Elite Pact: UNSC as Great Power Instrument?
		12.3.1 The West in the UNSC: Playing the Outside Option
		12.3.2 Russia in the UNSC: Respect Me, for I was a Great Power
		12.3.3 China in the UNSC: The Soft Way to a Responsible Great Power
	12.4 From Kosovo via Libya to Syria: The State of the R2P
	12.5 Regional Communities and Great Powers: A Shortcut to Humanitarian Interventions?
	12.6 The Impact of Previous UHIs on the UNSC and International Order (Chapter Summary)
13 Human Rights are an Inelastic Regime: Comparing and Explaining the Impact of UHIs on Human Rights
	13.1 Findings for Human Rights Commitment and Compliance
	13.2 UHIs’ Impact on Human Rights Commitment
	13.3 UHIs’ Impact on Human Rights Compliance
	13.4 The Impact of Previous UHIs on Human Rights (Chapter Summary)
14 UHI-Impact Theory and Implications for the Understanding of International Society
	14.1 Theorising the Impact of Unauthorised Humanitarian Interventions on International Order and Human Rights
	14.2 Towards a More Solidarist International Society: A Transfer to International Society Theory and Norm Research
		14.2.1 The Legality-Legitimacy Nexus: Implications for Norm Research
		14.2.2 Interdependent Institutions: Implications for International Society Theory
	14.3 Four Conditionalities for the Impact of UHIs and Their Implications (Chapter Summary)
15 Conclusion
	15.1 Elaborating on the Empirical-Analytical Assessments: A Theory on UHIs’ Impact on International Society
	15.2 The Legality-Legitimacy Nexus: Transferring the Impact Assessment on Norm Research
	15.3 R2P Debate Gone Rogue
	15.4 Appreciating the UNSC and a Deeper Sub-Global R2P
	15.5 Redirecting the HI Definition to ‘Humanitarian Motivation’
	15.6 Approaches for Following Research
Bibliography
	Books, Articles and Reports
	Official Documents and Legal Sources