Ummah: A New Paradigm for a Global World

Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	Purpose and Focus of the Book
	Theoretical Background and Current Need for This Study
	Exegetical References
Chapter 1 Conceptual Meaning of Ummah in the Meccan Verses of the Qurʾān
	Ummah in the Literature
	Analysis of the word ummah in the Meccan verses of the Qurʾān
		Ummah, Appointed Term (ajal), and Associated Responsibility
		Ummah, Religion, and Forefathers
		Ummah and al-Kitāb
		Ummah and Imām
		Ummah and the Covenant (al-Mīthāq)
	A Possible Order of a Global Ummah Composed of Different Umam?
		Ummah, Ummī Prophet, and the Global Ummah
		Ummah and Sovereignty
			Leadership, the Book, and Justice
			Land (Territory)
			Ummah and Nation-State
		Al-Ummah al-Wāḥidah and Its Differentiation across Human History
			Ummah of the Prophets
			Dealing with Religious Diversity
	Confederates of Evil (al-Aḥzāb)
		The Reformers (Muṣliḥūn)
	Conclusion
Chapter 2 Ummah in the Medinan Verses of the Qurʾān
	The Notion of a Shared Ummah: Rights and Obligations
	Prophet Abraham (Ibrāhīm) Was an Ummah
		Defining the Ideology and Outlook of the Muslim Ummah through Prophet Abraham
		The Best Religion (Dīn) is Following Millat Ibrāhīm “al-Ḥanīf”
	Al-Manāsik (the Rituals)
	The Middle Ummah (al-Ummah al-Wasaṭ) and the Witness (Shahāda)
	Ummah from Ahl Al-Kitāb (Jews and Christians)
	The Best Ummah (Khayr Ummah) Ever Raised Up for Humankind
	Ummah of the Book and Governance
	Conclusion
Chapter 3: Ummah in the Medina Constitution
	Al-Muʾminūn (“The Believers”)
		Decrees Addressing the Believers
		Decrees Addressing the Jews
		Decrees Addressing Ahl as-Ṣaḥīfah (the People of the Constitution)
	Sacred Land (ḥaram)
	Conclusion
Chapter 4 The Ummah and Political Governance—Comparative
	The Ummah and the Aristotelian Polis
		Khalīfa and Political Animal
	Khalīfa
		Khalīfa in Early, Classical, and Modern Exegesis
		Khilāfa in Islamic Literature
	Aristotelian Polis and Qurʾanic Ummah
		Polis and Ummah: Medium Whereby Citizens Exercise Virtuous Activity
	Difference between Law and Sharīʿah
	Rule of Law (Polis and Ummah)
		Resolving Conflict by Invoking Competing Virtues in Aristotle and the Qur’ān
	Community and State in Contemporary Political Theory
	Polis and Constitution versus Ummah and al-Kitāb 222
		Introducing Reforms through the Constitution
		The Characters of Constitution and the Citizen Mirror Each Other
		Constitutional Law Transformed into Community Norm
	Polis and Justice versus Ummah and Wasaṭiyyah
		Justice as a “Mean” and the Concept of “Wasaṭ”
	Understanding “Prophet Abraham Was an Ummah” through  Aristotle’s “Unity of Virtues”
		Ummah Attains Justice through Shūra (Collective Judgment of Khulafāʿ)
		Justice Is Manifested in the “Common Good” Resulting from Collective Judgment
	Ummah and Political Power
		The Just Leadership versus Ṭāghūt
		ʾUlū ’l-Amr (Those Entrusted with Authority)
	ʾUlū ’l-amr in the Medina Constitution
	ʾUlū ’l-amr in the Modern Period
	Concluding Remarks
Appendix
	Decrees addressing the Jews
	Decrees addressing Ahl al-Ṣaḥīfah (the people of the constitution)
Bibliography
Index
Index of Qurʾanic Citations