Ultrasound of the Diaphragm and the Respiratory Muscles

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
List of Contributors
Part I Introduction
	Chapter 1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Dysfunction of the Diaphragm
		Anatomy
		Physiology
		Dysfunction
		References
	Chapter 2 Ultrasound Basics
		Interactions of Sound and Tissues
		Machine Setting
			Frequency (or the right probe)
			Depth
			Focus
			Gain/TGC
		Resources
Part II Diaphragm Ultrasound: Technique
	Chapter 3 Diaphragmatic Excursion
		Technique
		Reference Values, Reproducibility, Learning Curves
		Usefulness
		Excursion on Ventilated Patients
		References
	Chapter 4 Diaphragmatic Thickness and Thickening
		Usefulness
		How to Measure Thickness
		How to Measure Thickening
		Reference Values
		Meaning of Reduced/Increased
			Reproducibility
			Learning Curve
		References
Part III Applications of Diaphragm Ultrasound
	Chapter 5 Diaphragm Ultrasound in Respiratory Disorders and Diaphragm Paralysis
		Diaphragm Ultrasound in Respiratory Disorders and Diaphragm Paralysis
		COPD
			Rationale for Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in COPD
			Diaphragmatic Mobility in COPD
			Reduced Diaphragmatic Mobility in COPD – Clinical Relevance
			Diaphragmatic Thickness in COPD
			Altered Diaphragmatic Thickness in COPD – Clinical Relevance
			Diaphragmatic Function Assessed by DUS and Interventions
			Diaphragm Function and Acute Exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) – Thickness
			Diaphragm Function and AECOPD – Excursion
		Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)
			Rationale for Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in ILD
			DUS in ILD – Diaphragmatic Mobility and Thickness
		Asthma Cystic Fibrosis and Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
			Asthma
			Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
			Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
		Diaphragm Paralysis and DUS Findings
		References
	Chapter 6 Assessment of Diaphragm Dysfunction in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
		Introduction
		Diaphragm Dysfunction
			An Underestimated Disease in the ICU
			A Disease with Common Risk Factors
			A Disease Associated with Clinical Outcomes
			When Evaluating the Diaphragm Function?
			How Is the Diaphragm Function Defined?
			Which Methods to Assess the Diaphragm Function?
			Diaphragm Pressure-Generating Capacity
				Inspiratory Pressure Recorded at the Mouth
				Transdiaphragmatic Pressure
			Ultrasound Assessment
			Electrical Activity of the Diaphragm
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7 Diaphragm Ultrasound during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
		Introduction
		Ultrasound during Mechanical Ventilation
			Inspiratory Pressure
			Positive End Expiratory Pressure
			Modes of Ventilation
			Summary of Ultrasound in Mechanical Ventilation
		Patient–Ventilator Interactions
			Ineffective Triggering or Wasted Effort
			Auto-triggering
			Trigger Delay
			Double Trigger
			Reverse Triggering
		Diaphragm Ultrasound to Track Atrophy
		Diaphragm Ultrasound to Titrate Ventilator Settings
			Diaphragm Ultrasound and Diaphragm Effort
			In Clinical Practice
		A Comprehensive Ultrasound Approach during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: Ultrasound of Diaphragm, Heart, and Lungs
			ABCD-Approach
			In Clinical Practice
		Ultrasound to Predict Extubation Success/Failure
			Thickening Fraction
			Excursion
			In Clinical Practice
		Chapter Summary
		References
	Chapter 8 Diaphragmatic Ultrasound after Thoracic and Abdominal Surgery
		Introduction
		Cardiac Surgery
		Thoracic Surgery
		Upper Abdominal Surgery
			A Concept in Development
			Shoulder Surgery (Diaphragmatic Paralysis after Interscalene Block)
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9 Diaphragm Ultrasound in Patients with Neuromuscular Disorders
		Introduction
			Pathophysiology of Respiration Function in Neuromuscular Disorders
			Diaphragm Ultrasound
		Diaphragm Ultrasound in Neuromuscular Disorders in a Neuromuscular Centre
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10 Other Applications of Diaphragm Ultrasound: Trauma, Malignancies, Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
		Trauma
		References
		Malignancies
		References
		Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
			Guidance for Needle EMG
			Assessment of Phrenic Nerve Pacing
			Assessment of Paralysis after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block
		References
Part IV New Perspectives
	Chapter 11 Ultrasound Assessment of the Accessory Respiratory Muscles
		Introduction
		Ultrasound Techniques
			Parasternal Intercostal Muscle Ultrasonography
			Expiratory Abdominal Muscle Ultrasonography
		Tips, Tricks, and Challenges
			Tips and Tricks
			Reliability and Accuracy
		Potential Clinical Applications
			Changes in Thickness
			Recruitment of Accessory Respiratory Muscles
		Novel Techniques and Future Research Questions
			Strain Imaging
			Shear Wave Elastography
			Echogenicity
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12 Tissue Doppler Imaging of the Diaphragm
		Introduction
		Ultrasound Technique
		Variables Identified
		Use and Potential Applications
		Limitations of the Technique
		Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 13 Ultrasound of the Diaphragm in Paediatric Patients
		References
Index