Ultrasonography for the Upper Limb Surgeon

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Shoulder
	1: Ultrasound in the Pathology of the Rotator Cuff
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Why Use Ultrasound?
		1.3	 How Do You Do an Ultrasound of the Cuff?
		1.4	 Analysis of Painful Etiologies
		1.5	 The Various Acute Disorders
			1.5.1	 Bone and Osteoarticular Lesions
			1.5.2	 The Effusion and Bursitis
			1.5.3	 Capsuloligamentous Lesions
			1.5.4	 Tendon Pathologies
		1.6	 Transfixing Ruptures
		1.7	 Partial Ruptures
		1.8	 Disinsertions of the Subscapularis
			1.8.1	 SLAP (Superior Labrum Antero-Posterior)
		1.9	 The Dislocation of the Head Along the Biceps
		1.10	 Calcification
		1.11	 The Different Chronic Conditions
			1.11.1	 Enthesopathy
			1.11.2	 Impingements
				1.11.2.1	 Anterosuperior
				1.11.2.2	 Anterior Impingement
		1.12	 Posterosuperior Impingement
			1.12.1	 Tendon Ruptures
		1.13	 The Transfixative Rupture
		1.14	 Partial Ruptures
			1.14.1	 Calcifying Tendon Disease
			1.14.2	 Tendinopathy
			1.14.3	 Adhesive Capsulitis
		1.15	 Conclusion
		References
	2: Ultrasound of the Tendon of the Long Biceps Operated
		2.1	 Biceps Brachial Muscle in Ultrasound
		2.2	 Insertion of the Long Head of the Biceps to the Upper Pole of the Glenoid and on the Upper Labrum
		2.3	 Transition to the Upper Pole of the Head
		2.4	 Passage in the Interval of the Rotators
		2.5	 Reflection at the Top of the Groove
		2.6	 In the Background
		2.7	 Conclusion
		References
	3: Ultrasound of Coracoid Process
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Anatomy
		3.3	 Coracoid and Acromioclavicular Joint
			3.3.1	 Anatomy
			3.3.2	 Ultrasound Technique
			3.3.3	 Pathology
				3.3.3.1	 Acromioclavicular Sprain
		3.4	 Coracoid and Glenohumeral Joint
			3.4.1	 Anatomy
			3.4.2	 Ultrasound Technique
			3.4.3	 Pathology
				3.4.3.1	 Retractile Adhesive Capsulitis
				3.4.3.2	 Traumatic Injury
		3.5	 Coracoid and Subscapular Tendon/Subcoracoid Bursa
			3.5.1	 Anatomy
			3.5.2	 Ultrasound Technique
			3.5.3	 Pathology
				3.5.3.1	 Impingement Under the Coracoid
				3.5.3.2	 Effusion/Secondary Osteochondromatosis of Subcoracoid Recess
		3.6	 Traumatic Coracoid
			3.6.1	 Ultrasound Technique
			3.6.2	 Pathology
		3.7	 Coracoid and Tendinous Insertions (Coracobiceps/Coracobrachialis and Pectoralis Minor)
			3.7.1	 Anatomy
			3.7.2	 Ultrasound Technique
			3.7.3	 Pathology
				3.7.3.1	 Tendinopathy/Enthesopathy
				3.7.3.2	 Traumatic Avulsion
				3.7.3.3	 Coracobrachialis Accessory
		References
	4: Ultrasound of the Acromioclavicular Joint
		4.1	 Anatomy
			4.1.1	 General
			4.1.2	 Content
			4.1.3	 Ligaments
				4.1.3.1	 AC Ligaments
				4.1.3.2	 Coracoclavicular Ligaments (CC)
				4.1.3.3	 Variants
			4.1.4	 Muscles
			4.1.5	 Vascularization and Innervation
		4.2	 Biomechanics
			4.2.1	 Function
			4.2.2	 Movements
			4.2.3	 Stability
				4.2.3.1	 Ligament Resistance
				4.2.3.2	 Capsule and Ligaments AC
				4.2.3.3	 CC Ligamentous Complex
				4.2.3.4	 Trapezius and Deltoid Muscles
				4.2.3.5	 Summary
		4.3	 Normal Ultrasound
			4.3.1	 Normal Ultrasound
				4.3.1.1	 AC Joint (Anterior Frontal and Sagittal Sections) (Figs. 4.2 and 4.3)
				4.3.1.2	 Superior AC Ligament (Frontal Section) (Fig. 4.2)
				4.3.1.3	 CC Ligaments (Anterior Sagittal Sections) (Fig. 4.4)
				4.3.1.4	 Muscle Cap (Upper Sagittal Sections) (Fig. 4.5)
				4.3.1.5	 Joint Mobility (Dynamic Maneuvers, Frontal Sections)
			4.3.2	 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound vs MRI
				4.3.2.1	 Interest of Ultrasound [39, 43, 47]
				4.3.2.2	 Disadvantages of Ultrasound
		4.4	 Pathology
			4.4.1	 Traumatic: AC Sprain
				4.4.1.1	 Epidemiology and Mechanism
				4.4.1.2	 Lesion
					Direct Mechanism
					Indirect Mechanism
				4.4.1.3	 Tossy Classification
				4.4.1.4	 Rockwood Classification (Fig. 4.6)
				4.4.1.5	 Associated Lesions
				4.4.1.6	 Reproducibility and Limitations
				4.4.1.7	 Standard X-Rays
					Front X-Rays
					Profile X-Rays
					Stress X-Rays
					Problem of Posterior Displacement
				4.4.1.8	 Ultrasound and MRI
					Joint
					Ligaments
					Muscular Cap
					Joint Instability
				4.4.1.9	 Sequelae and Chronic Lesions
					Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
					Chronic Posttraumatic Instability
				4.4.1.10	 Perspectives of Imaging in AC Sprain
		4.5	 Distal Fractures of the Clavicle
		4.6	 Degenerative AC Arthropathy
			4.6.1	 Pathophysiology
			4.6.2	 Imaging
		4.7	 Arthritis
			4.7.1	 Rheumatic Arthritis
			4.7.2	 Septic Arthritis
			4.7.3	 Microcrystalline Arthritis
		4.8	 Joint Cysts
		4.9	 Distal Clavicle Osteolysis (DCO)
		4.10	 Os Acromiale
		4.11	 Conclusion
		References
	5: Ultrasound on Shoulder Prosthesis
		5.1	 Ultrasound and Anatomical Shoulder Prosthesis
		5.2	 Ultrasound and Reverse Prosthesis
		References
Part II: Elbow
	6: Ultrasound of the Lateral Face of the Elbow
		6.1	 Ultrasound Examination
		6.2	 Superficial Structures: Subcutaneous Tissues, Nerves
			6.2.1	 Subcutaneous Lesions
			6.2.2	 Nerve Lesions
				6.2.2.1	 Superficial Neuromas
				6.2.2.2	 Radial Nerve
		6.3	 Bone Lesions and Entheses Other Than Epicondylitis
			6.3.1	 Lesions of the Lateral Humerus
				6.3.1.1	 Radial Head
			6.3.2	 Arthritis Lesions
		6.4	 Musculo-aponeurotic Lesions
			6.4.1	 Lateral Epicondylitis
			6.4.2	 The Ultrasound-Guided Review
			6.4.3	 Longitudinal Exploration
			6.4.4	 Cross-Sectional Exploration
			6.4.5	 Ultrasound in the Treatment of Epicondylitis
		6.5	 Conclusion
		References
	7: Ultrasound of the Median Nerve at the Elbow
		7.1	 Anatomy of the Median Nerve at the Elbow [1–3]
		7.2	 Ultrasound of the Median Nerve at the Elbow
		7.3	 Anatomical Variants [1, 4, 5]
		7.4	 Pathology [6–10]
		7.5	 Conclusion
		References
	8: Ultrasound of the Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow
		8.1	 Anatomy and Sonoanatomy
		8.2	 Pathological Appearances of the Nerve in Ultrasound
		8.3	 Etiologies of Ulnar Nerve Damage at the Elbow
			8.3.1	 Nervous “Irritation” in Case of Abnormal Mobility
			8.3.2	 Locations and Etiologies of Nerve Impingement
				8.3.2.1	 Struthers Arcade [12–14]
				8.3.2.2	 Accessory Muscle
				8.3.2.3	 Hypertrophy of the Triceps Muscle
				8.3.2.4	 Tumor Formations
				8.3.2.5	 Lesions at Joint Origins
				8.3.2.6	 Thickening of the Retinaculum
			8.3.3	 Nerve Irritation in Case of Neighboring Lesion
			8.3.4	 Direct Trauma
			8.3.5	 Other Lesions of Ulnar Nerve
		8.4	 Conclusion
		References
	9: Ultrasound Radial Nerve of the Elbow
		9.1	 Radial Nerve Above the Elbow
		9.2	 Radial Nerve at the Elbow
			9.2.1	 The Radial Nerve in Front of the Humeral Pallet and Its Division
			9.2.2	 The Two Branches of the Radial Nerve
			9.2.3	 Radial Tunnel
		9.3	 The Radial Nerve Beyond the Elbow
			9.3.1	 Distribution of Motor Branches in the Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
			9.3.2	 The Path of the Sensory Branch in the Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
		9.4	 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Forearm
	10: Ultrasound of the Interosseous Membrane of the Forearm
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Anatomo-pathological Reminders
		10.3	 Traumatic Lesions of the IOM
		10.4	 Ultrasound of the Interosseous Membrane
			10.4.1	 When to Perform an Ultrasound of the IOM?
			10.4.2	 What Is the Normal Ultrasound Appearance of the IOM?
			10.4.3	 What Is the Ultrasound Appearance of the Disrupted IOM?
		10.5	 Conclusion
		References
	11: Ultrasound of the Pronator Quadratus PQ
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Anatomy and Sonoanatomy
		11.3	 The Pronator Quadratus in Pathology
			11.3.1	 Lesions of the Pronator Quadratus PQ
			11.3.2	 The Pronator Quadratus PQ: Indirect Sign of Lesion
				11.3.2.1	 Thickening of the Pronator Quadratus PQ
				11.3.2.2	 Hyperechogenic Changes of the Pronator Quadratus PQ
			11.3.3	 The Pronator Quadratus PQ Used as a Marker
		11.4	 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Wrist/Hand
	12: Ultrasound of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Anatomical Presentation [7–9]
		12.3	 Imaging Techniques and Normal Appearance
		12.4	 Ultrasound Technique and Normal Appearance
		12.5	 Pathological Appearances
			12.5.1	 Instabilities, Subluxation, and Dislocation
				12.5.1.1	 Acute Dislocation of ECU
				12.5.1.2	 Subluxation and Chronic Lesions
			12.5.2	 Tendon Ruptures
			12.5.3	 Tenosynovitis and Tendinopathy
			12.5.4	 Enthesopathy
		12.6	 Conclusion
		References
	13: Ultrasound of the Scapholunate Ligament
		13.1	 How to Carry Out Ultrasound Examination?
		References
	14: Ultrasound of the Carpal Tunnel
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Anatomy of the Median Nerve
		14.3	 Anatomy of Tendon Flexors
		14.4	 Anatomy of the Anterior Surface of the Carpus
		14.5	 Anatomy of the Retinaculum of Flexors
			14.5.1	 Special Case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Children
		14.6	 Carpal Tunnel Ultrasound Educational
		14.7	 Anatomy of the Operated Carpal Tunnel
		14.8	 Conclusion
		References
	15: Ultrasound of the TFCC
		15.1	 Sonoanatomy
		15.2	 Pathological Ultrasound Appearances
		15.3	 Conclusion
		References
	16: Ultrasound of De Quervain’s Tendonitis
		References
	17: Ultrasound of Rhizarthrosis
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 How to Carry Out an Ultrasound of Rhizarthrosis?
			17.2.1	 Mode B
			17.2.2	 Doppler Mode
		17.3	 Differential Diagnosis of Rhizarthrosis Pain
			17.3.1	 De Quervain’s Tendonitis
				17.3.1.1	 Tendonitis of Flexor Carpi Radialis (Fig. 17.4)
				17.3.1.2	 Scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal Osteoarthritis (Fig. 17.5)
			17.3.2	 Trapeziometacarpal Instability
			17.3.3	 Trapeziometacarpal (Osteo)chondral Fracture
		17.4	 The Patient Looks at the Ultrasound Screen
			17.4.1	 Echo-pedagogy
			17.4.2	 The Medicolegal Interest
		17.5	 Postoperative Ultrasound of Rhizarthrosis
			17.5.1	 Scaphometacarpal Impingement After Trapeziectomy
			17.5.2	 Aseptic Tenosynovitis of FCR
			17.5.3	 Ultrasound of TM Implants
			17.5.4	 Neuroma of the Dorso-radial Branch of the Radial Nerve
		17.6	 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Finger
	18: Ultrasound of the Flexor Tendons of the Fingers
		18.1	 Installation
		18.2	 Dynamic and Comparative Review
		18.3	 Trigger Finger
		18.4	 Cyst of the A1 Pulley
		18.5	 Pulley Rupture
		18.6	 Distal Rupture of the FDP Tendon (“Jersey Finger”)
		18.7	 Operative Suites After Tendon Suture
		References
	19: Ultrasound Extensor Tendons of the Fingers
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 Normal and Pathological Imaging of the Five
			19.2.1	 Anchoring and Stabilization Formations of the Extensor Tendons
				19.2.1.1	 Normal Imaging
				19.2.1.2	 Main Pathologies
			19.2.2	 On the Back of the Hand, Intertendinous Connections Transform Four Independent Strips into a Plexiform Structure
				19.2.2.1	 Normal Imaging
				19.2.2.2	 Main Pathologies
			19.2.3	 Sagittal Bands Are a Powerful Strap that Keeps the Extensor Tendons on the Back of the MCPs
				19.2.3.1	 Normal Imaging
			19.2.4	 Main Pathologies
			19.2.5	 The Interosseous Hood Is a Delicate Shroud that Covers the Base of P1 and the Extensor Tendon by Connecting the Dorsal and Palmar Tendon Apparatus
				19.2.5.1	 Normal Imaging
				19.2.5.2	 Pathology
			19.2.6	 A Sophisticated Enthesis Consisting of a System of Bands
				19.2.6.1	 Normal Imaging
				19.2.6.2	 Main Pathologies
					“Mallet Finger”
				19.2.6.3	 “Boutonniere” Finger
		19.3	 Conclusion
		References
	20: Ultrasound of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb
		20.1	 Introduction
		20.2	 Anatomopathological Reminders, Classification, and Treatment
			20.2.1	 Anatomy and Stener Lesion
			20.2.2	 Lesion Classification of Ulnar Sprains of MCP [7, 8]
			20.2.3	 Cure
		20.3	 Imaging
			20.3.1	 Simple X-Rays
			20.3.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging [13, 16–18]
			20.3.3	 Ultrasound [19–29]
				20.3.3.1	 Valgus Maneuver
				20.3.3.2	 Flexion-Extension Maneuver of IP
		20.4	 Conclusion
		References
	21: Ultrasound of the Nail
		21.1	 Ultrasound Anatomy of the Nail (Fig. 21.1)
		21.2	 Ultrasound Examination in Practice
		21.3	 Ultrasound of the Pathological Nail
			21.3.1	 Foreign Body Search
			21.3.2	 Solid Tumor Search
			21.3.3	 Analysis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
		21.4	 Posttraumatic Nail
		21.5	 Conclusion
		References