Ultrashort Pulse Lasers and Ultrafast Phenomena

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Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Section 1 Generation of Ultrashort Pulses in Deep Ultraviolet to Near Infrared
	Section 1.1 Ultrashort Visible Near-Infrared Pulses
		Chapter 1.1.1 Noncollinearly Phase-Matched Femtosecond Optical Parametric Amplification with a 2000 cm[sup(–1)] Bandwidth
			References
		Chapter 1.1.2 Simultaneous Compression and Amplification of a Laser Pulse in a Glass Plate
			1.1.2.1 Introduction
			1.1.2.2 Principle
			1.1.2.3 Experimental Setup
			1.1.2.4 Experimental Results and Discussion
			1.1.2.5 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.1.3 Pulse-Front-Matched Optical Parametric Amplification for Sub-10-fs Pulse Generation Tunable in the Visible and Near Infrared
			1.1.3.1 Introduction
			1.1.3.2 Experimental
			1.1.3.3 Results and Discussion
			1.1.3.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.1.4 Visible 4 fs Pulse From Dispersion Control Optical Parametric Amplifier
			1.1.4.1 Introduction
			1.1.4.2 Configuration of the System
			1.1.4.3 Analysis and Discussion
			1.1.4.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.1.5 Ultrafast Laser System Based on Noncollinear Optical Parametric Amplification for Laser Spectroscopy
			1.1.5.1 Introduction
			1.1.5.2 Experimental
			1.1.5.3 Results and Discussion
			1.1.5.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.1.6 Development of Ultrashort Pulse Lasers for Ultrafast Spectroscopy
			1.1.6.1 Introduction
			1.1.6.2 Light Sources for Studying Ultrafast Processes
			1.1.6.3 Electronic Relaxation and Vibrational Dynamics
			1.1.6.4 Principles and Advantages of Broad-Band Ultrafast Spectroscopy
			1.1.6.5 Ultrashort Visible Pulse Generation Based on Non-Linear Optical Parametric Amplifier (NOPA)
			1.1.6.6 Ultrashort Deep Ultraviolet Laser
				1.1.6.6.1 DUV Pulse Generation
				1.1.6.6.2 Sub-10 fs DUV Laser Pulse Obtained by Broad-Band CPFWM
				1.1.6.6.3 DUV Pulse Stability Optimization
			1.1.6.7 Conclusion
			References
	Section 1.2 Ultrashort Ultraviolet, Deep-Ultraviolet, and Infrared Pulses
		Chapter 1.2.1 Generation of Stable Sub-10 fs Pulses at 400 nm in a Hollow Fiber for UV Pump-Probe Experiment
			1.2.1.1 Introduction
			1.2.1.2 Experimental Setup
			1.2.1.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
			1.2.1.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.2.2 Sub-10 fs Deep-Ultraviolet Pulses Generated by Chirped-Pulse Four-Wave Mixing
			1.2.2.1 Introduction
			1.2.2.2 Experimental
			1.2.2.3 Results and Discussion
			1.2.2.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 1.2.3 Generation and Optimization of Femtosecond Pulses by Four-Wave Mixing Process
			1.2.3.1 Introduction
			1.2.3.2 Cascaded FWM in Bulk Media
				1.2.3.2.1 Principle of Cascaded FWM
				1.2.3.2.2 Generation of Wavelength-Tunable Self-Compressed Multicolored Pulses by Nondegenerate Cascaded FWM
				1.2.3.2.3 Pulse Cleaning by Degenerate Cascaded FWM
			1.2.3.3 UV Pulse Generation by FWM in Hollow Fiber
				1.2.3.3.1 Chirped-Pulse FWM in a Gas-Filled Hollow Waveguide
				1.2.3.3.2 Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
				1.2.3.3.3 Practical Issues in Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
				1.2.3.3.4 Sub-10-fs DUV Pulses Generated by Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
			1.2.3.4 Four-Wave Optical Parametric Amplification (FWOPA) in Bulk Media
			1.2.3.5 Conclusion and Prospects
			References
Section 2 Generation of Ultrashort Pulses in Terahertz
	Chapter 2.1 Sellmeier Dispersion for Phase-Matched Terahertz Generation in Nonlinear Optical Crystal: An Example of ZnGeP[sub(2)].
		2.1.1 Introduction
		2.1.2 Derivation of the Sellmeier Dispersion
		2.1.3 Generation of Terahertz Radiation with a Nd:YAG Laser
		2.1.4 Generation of Terahertz Radiation with CO[sub(2)] Lasers
		2.1.5 Discussion
		2.1.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2.2 Saturation of the Free Carrier Absorption in ZnTe Crystals
		2.2.1 Introduction
		2.2.2 Experiments
			2.2.2.1 THz Generation in ZnTe Crystals
			2.2.2.2 Photoluminescence Radiated From ZnTe Crystals
		2.2.3 Discussion
		2.2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2.3 Widely Linear and Non-Phase-Matched Optical-to-Terahertz Conversion on GaSe: Te Crystals
		2.3.1 Introduction
		2.3.2 Experimental
		2.3.3 Results and Discussions
		2.3.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2.4 THz Emission from Organic Cocrystalline Salt: An Example of 2, 6-Diaminopyridinium-4-Nitrophenolate-4-Nitrophenol
		2.4.1 Introduction
		2.4.2 Sample Preparation and THz Emission Experiments
		2.4.3 Results and Discussion
		2.4.4 Summary
		References
Section 3 CEP (Octave-Span)
	Chapter 3.1 Quasi-Monocyclic Near-Infrared Pulses with a Stabilized Carrier-Envelope Phase Characterized by Noncollinear Cross-Correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating
		3.1.1 Introduction
		3.1.2 Experimental
		3.1.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3.2 Self-Stabilization of the Carrier-Envelope Phase of an Optical Parametric Amplifier Verified with a Photonic Crystal Fiber
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 Experimental
		3.2.3 Results and Discussion
		3.2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3.3 Octave-Spanning Carrier-Envelope Phase Stabilized Visible Pulse with Sub-3-fs Pulse Duration
		3.3.1 Introduction
		3.3.2 Results and Discussion
		3.3.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3.4 Carrier-Envelope-Phase-Stable, Intense Ultrashort Pulses in Near Infrared
		3.4.1 Introduction
		3.4.2 Experimental
		3.4.3 Results and Discussion
		3.4.4 Conclusion
		References
Section 4 Simple NLO Processes with a Few Colors
	Chapter 4.1 Three-Photon-Induced Four-Photon Absorption and Nonlinear Refraction in ZnO Quantum Dots
		4.1.1 Introduction
		4.1.2 Experimental
		4.1.3 Results and Discussion
		4.1.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4.2 Femtosecond Pulses Cleaning by Transient-Grating Process in Optical Media
		4.2.1 Introduction
		4.2.2 Experimental
		4.2.3 Results and Discussion
		4.2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4.3 Non-Degenerate Two-Photon Absorption Enhancement for Laser Dyes by Precise Lock-in Detection
		4.3.1 Introduction
		4.3.2 Theory
		4.3.3 Experimental Procedures
		4.3.4 Results and Discussion
		4.3.5 Conclusion
		References
Section 5 Multi-Color Involved NLO Processes
	Chapter 5.1 Generation of µJ-Level Multicolored Femtosecond Laser Pulses Using Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing
		5.1.1 Introduction
		5.1.2 Experimental Setup
		5.1.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		5.1.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5.2 Generation and Optimization of Femtosecond Pulses by Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) Process
		5.2.1 Introduction
		5.2.2 Cascaded FWM in Bulk Media
			5.2.2.1 Principle of Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)
			5.2.2.2 Generation of Wavelength-Tunable Self-Compressed Multicolored Pulses by Nondegenerate Cascaded FWM
			5.2.2.3 Pulse Cleaning by Degenerate Cascaded FWM
		5.2.3 UV Pulse Generation by FWM in Hollow Fiber
			5.2.3.1 Chirped-Pulse FWM in a Gas-Filled Hollow Waveguide
			5.2.3.2 Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
			5.2.3.3 Practical Issues in Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
			5.2.3.4 Sub-10-fs DUV Pulses Generated by Broadband Chirped-Pulse FWM
		5.2.4 FWOPA in Bulk Media
		5.2.5 Conclusion and Prospects
		References
	Chapter 5.3 Tunable Multicolored Femtosecond Laser Pulses Generation by Using Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing (CFWM) in Bulk Materials
		5.3.1 Introduction
		5.3.2 Theoretical Analysis
			5.3.2.1 FWM Process
			5.3.2.2 CFWM Process
		5.3.3 Experimental Characteristics of Multicolored Pulses
			5.3.3.1 Experimental Setups
			5.3.3.2 Spectra and Wavelength Tuning of Multicolored Sidebands
				5.3.3.2.1 Tuning the Wavelength of Sidebands by Changing Cross-Angle
				5.3.3.2.2 Tuning the Wavelength of Sidebands by Changing Nonlinear Media
			5.3.3.3 Temporal Characteristics of Multicolored Pulses
			5.3.3.4 Output Power/Energy of Multicolored Pulses
			5.3.3.5 Multicolored Sidebands Generated with Low Threshold
		5.3.4 2-D Multicolored Sidebands Arrays
		5.3.5 Conclusion and Prospects
		References
	Chapter 5.4 Mechanism Study of 2-D Laser Array Generation in a YAG Crystal Plate
		5.4.1 Introduction
		5.4.2 Numerical Simulation Model
		5.4.3 Results and Discussion
		5.4.4 Conclusion
		References
Section 6 Broadband Ultrashort Pulse Generation
	Chapter 6.1 Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Light Generation in BBO Crystal by Using Two Crossing Femtosecond Laser Pulses
		6.1.1 Introduction
		6.1.2 Experimental
		6.1.3 Results and Discussion
		6.1.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6.2 Generation of Broadband Two-Dimensional Multicolored Arrays in a Sapphire Plate
		6.2.1 Experimental
		6.2.2 Experimental Setup
		6.2.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		6.2.4 Conclusion
		References
Section 7 NLO Materials
	Chapter 7.1 Sellmeier Dispersion for Phase-Matched Terahertz Generation in ZnGeP[sub(2)]
		7.1.1 Introduction
		7.1.2 Derivation of the Sellmeier Dispersion
		7.1.3 Generation of Terahertz Radiation with a Nd:YAG Laser
		7.1.4 Generation of Terahertz Radiation with CO[sub(2)] Lasers
		7.1.5 Discussion
		7.1.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7.2 Broadband Sum-Frequency Mixing (SFM) in Some Recently Developed Nonlinear Optical Crystals
		7.2.1 Introduction
		7.2.2 Schematic of the Experimental Arrangement
		7.2.3 Theoretical Background of Phase Matching and Broadband SFM
		7.2.4 Results and Discussion
		7.2.5 Broadly Tunable Conventional SFM in a Thin Crystal
		7.2.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7.3 Optimal Te-Doping in GaSe for Nonlinear Applications
		7.3.1 Introduction
		7.3.2 Crystal Growth and Characterization
			7.3.2.1 Growth Technology
			7.3.2.2 Optical Properties
			7.3.2.3 THz Generation via Optical Rectification
		7.3.3 Discussion
		7.3.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7.4 Widely Linear and Non-Phase-Matched Optical-to-Terahertz Conversion on GaSe: Te Crystals
		7.4.1 Introduction
		7.4.2 Experimental
		7.4.3 Results and Discussion
		7.4.4 Conclusion
		References
Section 8 NLO Processes in Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
	Chapter 8.1 Elimination of Coherence Spike in Reflection-Type Pump-Probe Measurements
		8.1.1 Introduction
		8.1.2 Experiments
		8.1.3 Results and Discussion
		8.1.4 Summary
		References
	Chapter 8.2 Vibrational Fine Structures Revealed by the Frequency-to-Time Fourier Transform of the Transient Spectrum in Bacteriorhodopsin
		8.2.1 Introduction
		8.2.2 Experimental Section
		8.2.3 Results and Discussion
		8.2.4 Conclusions
		References
Section 9 Low Dimensional (D) Materials
	Section 9.1 0D
		Chapter 9.1.1 Superior Local Conductivity in Self-Organized Nanodots on Indium-Tin-Oxide Films Induced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
			9.1.1.1 Introduction
			9.1.1.2 Experiments
			9.1.1.3 Results and Discussion
			9.1.1.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 9.1.2 Observation of an Excitonic Quantum Coherence in CdSe Nanocrystals
			9.1.2.1 Introduction
			9.1.2.2 Experimental
			9.1.2.3 Results and Discussion
			9.1.2.4 Conclusion
			Supporting Information
			References
	Section 9.2 1D CNT
		Chapter 9.2.1 Coherent Phonon Generation in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using a Few-Cycle Pulse Laser
			9.2.1.1 Introduction
			9.2.1.2 Experimental Details
			9.2.1.3 Results and Discussion
				9.2.1.3.1 Stationary Absorption Spectrum of the Sample and Laser Spectrum
				9.2.1.3.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Real-Time Spectra and Exact Chirality Assignment
				9.2.1.3.3 Probe Photon Energy Dependent Amplitude Profiles
			9.2.1.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 9.2.2 Electronic Relaxation and Coherent Phonon Dynamics in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Several Chiralities
			9.2.2.1 Introduction
			9.2.2.2 Experiment
				9.2.2.2.1 Ultrafast Spectroscopy
				9.2.2.2.2 Sample Preparation
			9.2.2.3 Results and Discussion
				9.2.2.3.1 Stationary Absorption Spectrum
				9.2.2.3.2 Electronic Relaxation and Thermalization of Excited Population
				9.2.2.3.3 FT Spectra and Chirality Assignments
				9.2.2.3.4 CP Amplitudes of Chiral Systems
				9.2.2.3.5 Raman Processes in a Classical Model
				9.2.2.3.6 Raman and Raman-Like Processes in a Semiclassical Model
				9.2.2.3.7 Probe Photon Energy Dependence of the Vibrational Amplitudes
				9.2.2.3.8 Fitting the Amplitude Spectrum with Contributions from the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Third-Order Susceptibility
				9.2.2.3.9 Size and Meaning of the Contribution from the Real Part of the Third-Order Susceptibility
				9.2.2.3.10 RBMs Studied by the Moment Calculation
			9.2.2.4 Conclusions
			References
			Supplemental Material
				Supporting Information: Sample Morphology
		Chapter 9.2.3 Coherent Phonon Coupled with Exciton in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using a Few-Cycle Pulse Laser
			9.2.3.1 Introduction
			9.2.3.2 Experiment
			9.2.3.3 Results and Discussion
				9.2.3.3.1 Electronic Relaxation and Thermalization of Excited Population
				9.2.3.3.2 Fourier-Transform (FT) Spectra and Chirality Assignments
				9.2.3.3.3 Fitting the Amplitude Spectrum with Contributions from the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Third-Order Susceptibility
			9.2.3.4 Conclusions
			Acknowledgments
			References
		Chapter 9.2.4 Real-Time Spectroscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Negative Time Delays by Using a Few-Cycle Pulse Laser
			9.2.4.1 Introduction
			9.2.4.2 Experimental Method
				9.2.4.2.1 Pump–Probe Experiment
				9.2.4.2.2 Sample Preparation
			9.2.4.3 Results and Discussion
				9.2.4.3.1 Stationary Absorption Spectrum
				9.2.4.3.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Real-Time Vibration Spectra
				9.2.4.3.3 Electronic Phase Relaxation Time
				9.2.4.3.4 Fourier Transform Power Spectra and Probe Photon Energy-Dependent Amplitudes
			9.2.4.4 Conclusions
			References
	Section 9.3 1D Oligomers and Polymers
		Chapter 9.3.1 Fluorescence from Molecules and Aggregates in Polycrystalline Thin Films of α-Oligothiophenes
			9.3.1.1 Introduction
			9.3.1.2 Experiment
			9.3.1.3 Results and Discussion
				9.3.1.3.1 Absorption and Fluorescence Excitation Spectra
				9.3.1.3.2 Fluorescence Spectra
				9.3.1.3.3 Site-Selective Fluorescence Spectra
				9.3.1.3.4 Assignment of Fluorescence
				9.3.1.3.5 Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectra
			9.3.1.4 Summary
			References
		Chapter 9.3.2 Sequential Singlet Internal Conversion of IB[sub(–)][sub(u)] → 3A[sub(–)][sub(g)] → IB[sub(–)][sub(u)] → 2A[sub(–)][sub(g)] → (IA[sub(–)][sub(g)] Ground) in All-Trans-Spirilloxanthin Revealed by Two-Dimensional Sub-5-fs Spectroscopy
			9.3.2.1 Introduction
			9.3.2.2 Experimental
			9.3.2.3 Results and Discussion
				9.3.2.3.1 Characterization of Femtosecond Time-Resolved Absorption Spectra: Identification of Sequential Internal Conversion
					9.3.2.3.1.1 Time-Resolved Absorption Spectra Near Zero Delay Time
					9.3.2.3.1.2 Time-Resolved Spectra with Positive Delay Times
				9.3.2.3.2 Analysis by SVD and Global-Fitting in the Framework of a Sequential Model
				9.3.2.3.3 Comparison with the Previous Results of Subpicosecond Time-Resolved Absorption Spectra
			References
		Chapter 9.3.3 Observation of Breather Exciton and Soliton in a Substituted Polythiophene with a Degenerate Ground State
			9.3.3.1 Introduction
			9.3.3.2 Experimental Descriptions
			9.3.3.3 Molecule Structure
			9.3.3.4 Quantum-Chemical Methodology
			9.3.3.5 Results and Discussion
				9.3.3.5.1 Electronic Relaxation and Molecular Vibration Dynamics
				9.3.3.5.2 Dynamics of Breather and Soliton
			9.3.3.6 Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 9.3.4 Ultrafast Electronic Relaxation and Vibrational Dynamics in a Polyacetylene Derivative
			9.3.4.1 Introduction
			9.3.4.2 Experimental
				9.3.4.2.1 Sample
				9.3.4.2.2 Ultrafast Spectroscopy
			9.3.4.3 Results and Discussion
				9.3.4.3.1 Delay Time Dependence of Difference Absorbance and Time-resolved Spectrum
				9.3.4.3.2 The Effect of the Electronic Transition Spectrum by Molecular Vibration
				9.3.4.3.3 Initial Phases of the Vibrational Modes Coupled to the Electronic Transition via Impulsive Excitation
				9.3.4.3.4 Vibrational-Energy Ladder Descending Process and Vibrational Phase Relaxation
				9.3.4.3.5 Electronic Phase Relaxation Obtained from the Data in the Negative Time Range
			9.3.4.4 Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 9.3.5 Ultrabroadband Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Polymers
			9.3.5.1 Effect of Annealing on the Performance of P3HT: PCBM Solar Cells
			9.3.5.2 Conclusion and Perspectives
			References
	Section 9.4 2D Topological Materials
		Chapter 9.4.1 Ultrabroadband Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Topological Insulators
			9.4.1.1 Introduction
			9.4.1.2 Broadband Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
				9.4.1.2.1 Development
				9.4.1.2.2 Femtosecond Light Sources
					9.4.1.2.2.1 Narrowband Optical Parametric Amplifier
					9.4.1.2.2.2 Broadband Optical Parametric Amplifier
				9.4.1.2.3 Pump–Probe Spectroscopy
					9.4.1.2.3.1 Fast-Scan Techniques
					9.4.1.2.3.2 Broadband Detection Techniques
			9.4.1.3 Ultrafast Dynamics in Novel Condensed Matter
				9.4.1.3.1 Spin-Valley Coupled Polarization in Monolayer MoS2
			9.4.1.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
			References
		Chapter 9.4.2 Phonon Dynamics in Cu[sub(x)]Bi[sub(2)](x50, 0.1, and 0.125) and Bi[sub(2)]Se[sub(2)] Crystals Studied Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy
			9.4.2.1 Introduction
			9.4.2.2 Experimental
			9.4.2.3 Results and Discussion
			9.4.2.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 9.4.3 Ultrafast Multi-Level Logic Gates with Spin-Valley Coupled Polarization Anisotropy in Monolayer MoS[sub(2)]
			9.4.3.1 Introduction
			References
		Chapter 9.4.4 Femtosecond Time-Evolution of Mid-Infrared Spectral Line Shapes of Dirac Fermions in Topological Insulators
			9.4.4.1 Introduction
			9.4.4.2 Experimental
			9.4.4.3 Results
				9.4.4.3.1 Ultra-Broadband MIR ΔR/R Spectra of FCA and SSTs in Topological Insulators
				9.4.4.3.2 Quantitative Analysis of the Ultra-Broadband MIR ΔR/R Spectra
					9.4.4.3.2.1 Ultrafast Time-Evolution of the Ultra-Broadband MIR ΔR/R Spectra
			9.4.4.4 Discussion
			References
Section 10 Conductors and Superconductors
	Section 10.1 Super Conductors
		Chapter 10.1.1 Dichotomy of Photoinduced Quasiparticle on CuO[sub(2)] Planes of YB[sub(2)]Cu[sub(3)]O[sub(7)] Directly Revealed by Femtosecond Polarization Spectroscopy
			10.1.1.1 Introduction
			10.1.1.2 Experiment
			10.1.1.3 Results and Discussion
			References
		Chapter 10.1.2 Ultrafast Dynamics and Phonon Softening in Fe[sub(1+y)]Se[sub(1–x)]Te[sub(x)] Single Crystals
			10.1.2.1 Introduction
			10.1.2.2 Experiments
			10.1.2.3 Temperature-Dependent ΔR/R
			10.1.2.4 Electron–Optical Phonon Coupling Strength
			10.1.2.5 Acoustic Phonon Softening
			10.1.2.6 Summary
			References
		Chapter 10.1.3 Quasiparticle Dynamics in FeSe Superconductors Studied by Femtosecond Spectroscopy
			10.1.3.1 Introduction
			10.1.3.2 Experiments
			10.1.3.3 Results and Discussion
			10.1.3.4 Summary
			References
	Section 10.2 THZ, MIR Spectroscopy of Materials
		Chapter 10.2.1 Dirac Fermions Near the Dirac Point in Topological Insulators
			10.2.1.1 Introduction
			10.2.1.2 Results and Discussion
			10.2.1.3 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 10.2.2 Helicity-Dependent Terahertz Emission Spectroscopy of Topological Insulator
			10.2.2.1 Introduction
			10.2.2.2 Experiments
			10.2.2.3 Results and Discussion
			10.2.2.4 Summary and Conclusions
			Appendix A: Sample Preparation and Terahertz Emission Measurement
			Appendix B: Time-Domain Fits for the Helicity-Dependent Terahertz Radiation at ϕ = 0° and 90°
			Appendix C: Dependence of Circular
			Appendix D: Time-Domain Decomposition and Recombination of the α-Dependent Terahertz Waveforms at ϕ = 90°
			Appendix E: Estimation of the Terahertz-Emission Spectra for Dirac Fermions by Using Photoemission Dynamics from Time-Resolved ARPES Measurements
			Appendix F: Helicity-Independent Terahertz Radiation from a <110>ZnTe Single Crystal
			References
		Chapter 10.2.3 Femtosecond Time-Evolution of Mid-Infrared Spectral Line Shapes of Dirac Fermions in Topological Insulators
			10.2.3.1 Results
			10.2.3.2 Discussion
			10.2.3.3 Methods
			References
		Chapter 10.2.4 Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Ge by Ultra-Broadband Mid-Infrared Probe Spectroscopy
			10.2.4.1 Experiments
			10.2.4.2 Results and Discussion
			10.2.4.3 Summary
			References
Section 11 Chemical Reactions and Material Processing
	Section 11.1 Chemical Reactions
		Chapter 11.1.1 Transition State in a Prevented Proton Transfer Observed in Real Time
			11.1.1.1 Introduction
			11.1.1.2 Experimental
			11.1.1.3 Results and Discussion
				11.1.1.3.1 Investigation of Reaction Mechanisms of Proton Transfer (Theory)
			11.1.1.4 Direct Observation of Transition State (Methanol Solution of Indigodisulfonate Salt)
			11.1.1.5 Comparison Between Experimental Results and Theoretical Results TD-B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6311++G**
			11.1.1.6 Conclusion
			Supporting Information
			References
		Chapter 11.1.2 Environment-Dependent Ultrafast Photoisomerization Dynamics in Azo Dye
			11.1.2.1 Introduction
			11.1.2.2 Experimental Section
			11.1.2.3 Results and Discussion
			11.1.2.4 Summary
			References
		Chapter 11.1.3 Direct Observation of Denitrogenation Process of 2,3-diazabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene (DBH) Derivatives, Using a Visible 5-fs Pulse Laser
			11.1.3.1 Introduction
			11.1.3.2 Experimental
			11.1.3.3 Results and Discussion
				11.1.3.3.1 Pump–Probe Experimental Results
				11.1.3.3.2 Spectrogram
				11.1.3.3.3 Denitrogenation Mechanism
			11.1.3.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 11.1.4 Photo-Impulsive Reactions in the Electronic Ground State Without Electronic Excitation: Non-Photo, Non-Thermal Chemical Reactions
			11.1.4.1 Introduction
			11.1.4.2 Experimental
				11.1.4.2.1 Few-Optical-Cycle Ultraviolet Pulses
				11.1.4.2.2 Few-Optical-Cycle Visible Pulses
				11.1.4.2.3 Sample Cell
				11.1.4.2.4 Pump–Probe Measurement
				11.1.4.2.5 Quantum Chemical Calculation
			11.1.4.3 Results
				11.1.4.3.1 Vibrational Dynamics in the Reaction Under Few-Optical Cycle Ultraviolet Pulse Irradiation (See Figure 11.1.4.1a)
				11.1.4.3.2 Vibrational Dynamics in the Reaction Under Few-Optical Cycle Visible Pulse Irradiation (See Figure 11.1.4.1c)
				11.1.4.3.3 Theoretical Vibrational Dynamics of the Photo- and Thermal Reactions
			11.1.4.4 Discussion
				11.1.4.4.1 Photochemically-Allowed Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Phenyl Ether by Few-Optical-Cycle Ultraviolet Pulse Irradiation
				11.1.4.4.2 Thermally-Allowed Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Phenyl Ether by Few-Optical-Cycle Visible Pulse Irradiation
				11.1.4.4.3 Non-Photo, Non-Thermal Chemical Reaction
			11.1.4.5 Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 11.1.5 The Reaction Mechanism of Claisen Rearrangement Obtained by Transition State Spectroscopy and Single Direct-Dynamics Trajectory
			11.1.5.1 Introduction
			11.1.5.2 Results and Discussions
				11.1.5.2.1 Transition State Spectroscopy of the Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ether
				11.1.5.2.2 Single Direct-Dynamics Trajectory
			11.1.5.3 Experimental
				11.1.5.3.1 Visible 5-fs Laser System
				11.1.5.3.2 \"The Reaction in the Electronic Ground State\", Triggered by the Visible 5-fs Pulse
			11.1.5.4 Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 11.1.6 A New Reaction Mechanism of Claisen Rearrangement Induced by Few-Optical-Cycle Pulses: Demonstration of Nonthermal Chemistry by Femtosecond Vibrational Spectroscopy
			11.1.6.1 Introduction
			11.1.6.2 Experimental
				11.1.6.2.1 Visible Few-Optical-Cycle Pulses
				11.1.6.2.2 Ultraviolet Few-Optical-Cycle Pulses
				11.1.6.2.3 Sample Cell
				11.1.6.2.4 Pump–Probe Measurement
				11.1.6.2.5 Theoretical Calculation
			11.1.6.3 Results and Discussion
				11.1.6.3.1 Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ether
				11.1.6.3.2 Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl Phenyl Ether
				11.1.6.3.3 \"Nonphoto Nonthermal Claisen Rearrangement\" and Thermal Claisen Rearrangement
			11.1.6.4 Conclusion
			References
	Section 11.2 Material Processing
		Chapter 11.2.1 Magnetization Dynamics and the Mn[sup(3+)] d-d Excitation of Hexagonal HoMnO[sub(3)] Single Crystals Using Wavelength-Tunable Time-Resolved Femtosecond Spectroscopy
			11.2.1.1 Introduction
			11.2.1.2 Experiments
			11.2.1.3 Results and Discussion
			11.2.1.4 Summary
			References
		Chapter 11.2.2 Ultrafast Thermoelastic Dynamics of HoMnO[sub(3)] Single Crystals Derived from Femtosecond Optical Pump – Probe Spectroscopy
			11.2.2.1 Introduction
			11.2.2.2 Experiments
			11.2.2.3 Results and Discussion
				11.2.2.3.1 Temperature- and Wavelength-Dependent ΔR/R
				11.2.2.3.2 Attribution of the Negative Component in ΔR/R
				11.2.2.3.3 Attribution of the Oscillation Component in ΔR/R
			11.2.2.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 11.2.3 Ultrafast Photoinduced Mechanical Strain in Epitaxial BiFeO[sub(3)] Thin Films
			11.2.3.1 Introduction
			11.2.3.2 Experimental
			11.2.3.3 Results and Discussion
			11.2.3.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 11.2.4 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Formation of Wurtzite Phase ZnSe Nanoparticles in Air
			11.2.4.1 Introduction
			11.2.4.2 Experimental
			11.2.4.3 Results and Discussion
			11.2.4.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 11.2.5 Controllable Subwavelength-Ripple and -Dot Structures on YBa[sub(2)]Cu[sub(3)]O[sub(7)] Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
			11.2.5.1 Introduction
			11.2.5.2 Experiments
			11.2.5.3 Results and Discussion
			11.2.5.4 Summary
			References
Section 12 Photobiological Reactions
	Chapter 12.1 Real-Time Vibrational Dynamics in Chlorophyll a Studied with a Few-Cycle Pulse Laser
		12.1.1 Introduction
		12.1.2 Materials and Methods
		12.1.3 Results and Discussion
			12.1.3.1 Stationary Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra and Time-Resolved Difference Absorption Spectrum
			12.1.3.2 Ultrafast Dynamics of Vibrational Modes
		12.1.4 Theory and Discussion
		12.1.5 Conclusions
		Supporting Material
		References
	Chapter 12.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Ultrafast Photoisomerization of Octopus Rhodopsin Under Photoexcitation
		12.2.1 Introduction
		12.2.2 Experimental Methods
			12.2.2.1 Femtosecond Spectroscopy Apparatus
			12.2.2.2 Octopus Rh
		12.2.3 Results and Discussion
			12.2.3.1 Electronic Dynamics
			12.2.3.2 Vibration Dynamics
		12.2.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 12.3 Schiff Base Proton Acceptor Assists Photoisomerization of Retinal Chromophores in Bacteriorhodopsin
		12.3.1 Introduction
		12.3.2 Materials and Methods
			12.3.2.1 Chemicals Used in This Study
			12.3.2.2 Plasmid Constructions
			12.3.2.3 Primers Used for Mutant Constructions
			12.3.2.4 Protein Purification
			12.3.2.5 Flash-Laser-Induced Photocycle Measurement
			12.3.2.6 Fast-Scan Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
			12.3.2.7 Visible Broadband Sub-10-Fs Pulse
			12.3.2.8 Software Employed in This Study
		12.3.3 Results and Discussion
			12.3.3.1 Sequence Alignment of HwBR and Other BRs
			12.3.3.2 Protein Constructions, Expression, Purification, and Ultraviolet-Visible Maximum Absorbance of Wild-Type, D93N, and D104N
			12.3.3.3 Ground-State Photocycle of Wild-Type, D93N, and D104N
			12.3.3.4 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Wild-Type and Mutants of HwBR
			12.3.3.5 Global Fitting Using the Triple-Exponential Function
			12.3.3.6 Femtosecond 2D-CS
			12.3.3.7 Picosecond 2D-CS
			12.3.3.8 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Wild-Types of HwBR, HmBRI, and HmBRII
			12.3.3.9 Global Fitting Using the Triple-Exponential Function
			12.3.3.10 Femtosecond 2D-CS
			12.3.3.11 Picosecond 2D-CS
		12.3.4 Conclusions
		References