Ultrananocrystalline diamond : synthesis, properties, and applications

51RHF0GA57L.jpg......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
Contributors......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 9
15241_01.pdf......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
1.1 Historical Overview......Page 20
1.2 Nanocarbon Classification......Page 24
1.3 Exotic Nanocarbons......Page 28
References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 39
2.1 Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Presolar Stardust......Page 40
2.2 Discovery and Identification of Presolar Minerals......Page 42
2.3 Origins of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds......Page 43
2.4 Isotopic Compositions of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds: Stellar Sources......Page 44
2.4.1 Primary C, Surface Bound H, and Trapped N......Page 46
2.4.2 Trapped Noble Gases......Page 49
2.4.3 Trapped Te, Pd, Ba, and Sr......Page 62
2.4.4 Inferred Stellar Sources......Page 64
2.5.1 Twin Microstructure......Page 66
2.5.2 Dislocation Microstructure......Page 70
2.5.3 Polytypes......Page 71
2.5.4 Inferred Mechanisms of Formation......Page 72
2.6 Noble Gas and N Content in Meteoritic Nanodiamonds: Nebular Processes......Page 74
2.7 Nanodiamonds in Interplanetary Dust Particles: Insights on Solar Nebula Evolution......Page 81
2.8 Summary of Experimental Data......Page 83
2.9 The New Astronomy......Page 84
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 95
3.1 Nanodiamonds: Shapes......Page 97
3.2 Types of Nanodiamond and Methods of Their Synthesis......Page 98
3.2.1 Zero-dimensional Nanodiamond Structures......Page 100
3.2.2 One-dimensional ND Structures......Page 111
3.2.3 Two-dimensional ND Structures......Page 118
3.2.4 Three-dimensional ND Structures......Page 120
3.3 Conclusion......Page 124
References......Page 125
15241_04.pdf......Page 131
Introduction: Nanocarbon Phase Stability......Page 132
4.1 Nanocarbon Phase Diagrams......Page 133
4.2 Theoretical Studies of the Relative Phase Stability of Nanocarbons......Page 138
4.2.1 Stability of Large Nanocarbon Particles......Page 139
4.2.2 Stability of Small Nanocarbon Particles......Page 144
4.2.3 Coexistence of Bucky-diamond and Other Nanocarbon Phases......Page 145
4.2.4 Stability of Quasi One-dimensional Nanocarbon......Page 147
4.3.1 Morphology of Nanodiamond Particles......Page 149
4.3.2 Morphology of Diamond Nanorods and Nanowires......Page 156
4.3.3 Hybrid Nanocarbon Materials......Page 161
4.4 Conclusions......Page 162
References......Page 164
15241_05.pdf......Page 170
Introduction......Page 171
5.1 Characterization of n-type Conductivity in UNCD Films......Page 173
5.2 Applications of n-type UNCD Films......Page 179
5.2.1 Field Electron Emission......Page 181
5.2.2 Electrodes for Electrochemistry and Biosensing......Page 182
5.2.3 High-temperature n-type UNCD/p-type All-diamond Heterostructure Diode......Page 183
5.3 Electronic Structure of UNCD Grain Boundaries......Page 184
5.4 UNCD and Carbon Nanotube/UNCD Composites as Potential High-efficiency, High-temperature Thermoelectric Materials......Page 187
5.5 Summary......Page 192
Acknowledgments......Page 193
References......Page 194
Introduction......Page 199
6.1.1 MPACVD Reactor and Process Parameters......Page 202
6.1.2 Arrangements for Spectroscopic Diagnostics......Page 204
6.2.1 Optical Emission and Broadband Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 205
6.2.2 Plasma Modeling......Page 213
6.3.1 Deposition and Characterization of NCD Films......Page 216
6.3.2 Plasma Diagnostics......Page 221
6.4.1 Parametric Studies......Page 225
6.4.2 Mechanisms of C_2 Formation......Page 234
6.4.3 Conclusion on Plasma Modeling......Page 236
6.5 General Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 238
Introduction......Page 243
7.1 The Deposition System and Deposition Parameters......Page 245
7.2 Evolution and Properties of the Films Studied by NEXAFS: Coordination and Orientation......Page 249
7.3 Phase Composition of the Films as Reflected by Raman Spectroscopy......Page 254
7.4 Crystalline Structure of the Films by XRD......Page 260
7.6 Surface and Grain Boundary Phase Composition Studied by EELS......Page 262
7.7 Hydrogen Content in the Films by SIMS and ERD......Page 265
7.8 Hydrogen Bonding Configuration in the Nanodiamond Films Studied by HREELS......Page 266
7.10 Visualization and Evolution of the Films Studied by HR TEM......Page 271
7.11 Formation Mechanism of the Nanodiamond Film Deposited from Energetic Species......Page 274
7.12 Summary......Page 280
References......Page 281
Introduction......Page 287
8.1 Computational Methodologies......Page 288
8.2.1 The (110) 1 x 1:H Surfaces......Page 289
8.2.2 Clean (110) Diamond Surface......Page 292
8.3 Carbon Dimer Growth Mechanisms on the (100) Surface of Diamond......Page 293
8.3.1 The (100) 2 x 1:H Diamond Surface......Page 294
8.3.2 The (100) 2 x 1 Diamond Surface......Page 295
8.3.3 Nitrogen Addition to (100) 2 x 1 Surface......Page 298
8.3.4 A Model for UNCD Growth Kinetics......Page 299
8.4.1 Grain Boundaries in UNCD......Page 301
8.4.2 Structure of High-angle Twist GBs in Diamond......Page 302
8.4.3 Electronic Structure of GBs with pi Bonding in UNCD......Page 304
8.5.1 Nitrogen in Diamond and Amorphous Carbon......Page 307
8.5.2 Nitrogen Impurities in the UNCD GBs......Page 308
8.5.3 Other Impurities in the UNCD GBs......Page 312
References......Page 313
Introduction......Page 317
9.1 The Material......Page 319
9.2.1 Elasticity and Strength Experiments......Page 322
9.2.2 Fracture Toughness Experiments......Page 324
9.3.1 Stress-strain Curves......Page 328
9.3.2 Size Effect and Weibull Analysis......Page 330
9.3.3 Toughness Measurements......Page 333
9.4 Fractographic Analysis......Page 339
9.5 Theoretical Strength......Page 341
9.6 Conclusions......Page 342
References......Page 343
15241_10.pdf......Page 346
10. On the Discovery of Detonation Nanodiamond......Page 347
References......Page 356
Introduction......Page 358
11.1 Industrial Technologies of Detonation Synthesis of UNCD......Page 360
11.2.1 Chemical Purification......Page 365
11.2.2 UNCD Modification......Page 382
References......Page 386
Introduction......Page 389
12.1.2 X-ray Diffraction......Page 390
12.1.3 Small-angle X-ray Scattering......Page 392
12.1.4 Raman Scattering......Page 393
12.1.5 HRTEM and SEM Studies......Page 396
12.1.6 STM and AFM Studies......Page 397
12.1.7 Visible and Far-infrared Spectroscopic Studies......Page 399
12.1.8 NMR and EPR Studies......Page 400
12.2 The Structure of UNCD Clusters and the Aggregation Problem......Page 401
12.3 Mechanical Properties......Page 406
12.5 Electronic Properties......Page 407
Acknowledgments......Page 408
References......Page 409
Introduction......Page 415
13.1 Stability of Nanocarbons......Page 418
13.2.1 Surface Groups of NDs......Page 421
13.2.2 Thermal Stability of ND Surface Groups......Page 423
13.2.3 Critical View of the Formation of sp^2-bonded Carbon in Pristine NDs......Page 428
13.2.4 The Onset Temperature of ND Graphitization......Page 430
13.3 Kinetics of Diamond Graphitization......Page 432
13.3.1 Experimental Approaches for the Study of ND Graphitization......Page 433
13.3.2 Kinetic Parameters of ND Graphitization for the Temperature Range of 1370-1860 K......Page 435
13.4.1 Diamond Surface Reconstruction......Page 441
13.4.2 Cleavage Energies of Diamond Planes......Page 443
13.4.3 Shape of Diamond Particles......Page 444
13.4.4 Graphite/Diamond Interfaces......Page 446
13.4.5 Formation of Nanocarbon Species via \"Low\"-temperature Diamond Graphitization......Page 449
13.4.6 The Formation of the Closed Curved Graphitic Structure on the Surface of Micron-size Diamond......Page 455
13.5 Catalytic Graphitization of NDs in the Presence of Metal Clusters......Page 460
13.6 Graphitization of NDs in the Presence of Oxygen- and Hydrogen-containing Gases......Page 464
13.7 Properties of ND Annealing Products: OLC, sp^2/sp^3 Nanocomposites......Page 467
13.8 Conclusion......Page 471
References......Page 473
14.1.1 Chrome Plating......Page 486
14.1.2 Copper Plating......Page 489
14.1.3 Zinc Plating......Page 490
14.1.5 Silvering......Page 491
14.1.6 Gold Plating......Page 492
14.1.8 Anode Oxidation......Page 493
14.1.9 The Deposition of Alloys along with UNCD......Page 494
14.2 Polymer Compositions and Antifriction Coatings......Page 495
14.2.1 The Polyisoprene and Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer......Page 497
14.2.2 The Polysiloxane Polyblock Cyclolinear Copolymer......Page 500
14.2.3 Polyurethane Foam......Page 501
14.2.4 Frost-resistant Butadiene-Nitrile Rubber......Page 502
14.2.5 Rubbers Stable to Explosive Decompression......Page 503
14.2.6 Gas-flame Deposition of Polymer Coatings......Page 504
14.3 Polishing......Page 505
14.4 Oils and Lubricants......Page 513
14.5 Diamond Sinters and Compacts......Page 517
14.6 Bioactivity of UNCD Particles......Page 522
14.7 Other Technological Applications of UNCD Particles......Page 529
References......Page 530
Introduction......Page 537
15.1 Functionalization of ND with Heteroatoms and Chemical Groups......Page 539
15.2 Modification with Nucleic Acids......Page 544
15.3 Interaction with Proteins......Page 548
15.4 Application in Biosensors and Medicine......Page 549
15.5 Biocompatibility of ND......Page 555
15.6 Conclusion......Page 557
References......Page 558
Introduction......Page 566
16.1 Patents on Methods of DND Synthesis......Page 567
16.2 Patents on Post-synthesis Treatments......Page 570
16.3 Patents on Composition of Matter......Page 577
16.4 Patents on Applications......Page 580
16.5 Conclusion......Page 587
References......Page 588
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