Ubuntu Unleashed 2017 Edition

Introduction   xxxiiiLicensing   xxxivWho This Book Is For   xxxv   Those Wanting to Become Intermediate or Advanced Users   xxxv   Sysadmins, Programmers, and DevOps   xxxviWhat This Book Contains   xxxviiConventions Used in This Book   xxxviiiPART I:  GETTING STARTEDChapter 1  Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration   1Before You Begin the Installation   1   Researching Your Hardware Specifications   2   Installation Options   2   32-Bit vs 64-Bit Ubuntu   4   Planning Partition Strategies   5   The Boot Loader   5   Installing from DVD or USB Drive   6Step-by-Step Installation   6   Installing   7   First Update   13Shutting Down   13Finding Programs and Files   14Software Updater   15The sudo Command   18Configuring Software Repositories   19System Settings   21   Detecting and Configuring a Printer   22   Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu   22Setting the Time and Date   23Configuring Wireless Networks   24Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems   26References   27Chapter 2  Background Information and Resources   29What Is Linux?   29Why Use Linux?   31What Is Ubuntu?   33Ubuntu for Business   33Ubuntu in Your Home   35Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation   35Ubuntu Developers and Documentation   36Websites and Search Engines   37   Web Search Tips   37   Google Is Your Friend   37   Ubuntu Package Listings   38   Commercial Support   38   Documentation   39Linux Guides   39   Ubuntu   40Mailing Lists   40   Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists   41Internet Relay Chat   42PART II:  DESKTOP UBUNTUChapter 3  Working with Unity   43Foundations and the X Server   43   Basic X Concepts   44   Using X   45   Elements of the xorg.conf File   46   Starting X   51   Using a Display Manager   51   Changing Window Managers   52Using Unity, a Primer   52   The Desktop   53   Customizing and Configuring Unity   58Power Shortcuts   60References   61Chapter 4  On the Internet   63Getting Started with Firefox   63Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium65Choosing an Email Client   66   Mozilla Thunderbird   66   Evolution   67   Other Mail Clients   68RSS Readers   69   Firefox   69   Liferea   69Internet Relay Chat   70Usenet Newsgroups   72References   74Chapter 5  Productivity Applications   75Introducing LibreOffice   76Other Office Suites for Ubuntu   78   Working with GNOME Office   78   Working with KOffice   80Other Useful Productivity Software   80   Working with PDF   80   Working with XML and DocBook   81   Working with LaTeX   82Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows   83References   83Chapter 6  Multimedia Applications   85Sound and Music   85   Sound Cards   86   Adjusting Volume   87   Sound Formats   88   Listening to Music   89Graphics Manipulation   92   The GNU Image Manipulation Program   93   Using Scanners in Ubuntu   94   Working with Graphics Formats   95   Capturing Screen Images   97   Other Graphics Manipulation Options   97Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu   98   Handheld Digital Cameras   98   Using Shotwell Photo Manager   98Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu   99   Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero   99   Creating CDs from the Command Line   100   Creating DVDs from the Command Line   102Viewing Video   104   TV and Video Hardware   104   Video Formats   105   Viewing Video in Linux   106   Personal Video Recorders   107   Video Editing   107References   109Chapter 7  Other Ubuntu Interfaces   111Desktop Environment   112KDE and Kubuntu   113Xfce and Xubuntu   114   LXDE and Lubuntu   115GNOME3 and Ubuntu GNOME   116MATE and Ubuntu MATE   117Ubuntu Kylin   118References   118Chapter 8  Games   121Ubuntu Gaming   121Installing Proprietary Video Drivers   122Steam   123Installing Games in Ubuntu   123   Warsow   124   Scorched 3D   124   Frozen Bubble   125   SuperTux   126   Battle for Wesnoth   126   Frets on Fire   127   FlightGear   128   Speed Dreams   129   Games for Kids   129   Commercial Games   129Playing Windows Games   130References   130PART III:  SYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONChapter 9  Managing Software   133Ubuntu Software   133Using Synaptic for Software Management   134Staying Up-to-Date   137Working on the Command Line   138   Day-to-Day Usage   138   Finding Software   141   Using apt Instead of apt-get   142Compiling Software from Source   143   Compiling from a Tarball   143   Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories   144Configuration Management   145   dotdee   145Snappy Ubuntu Core   146Using Snaps   146References   147Chapter 10  Command-Line Beginner\'s Class   149What Is the Command Line?   150Accessing the Command Line   151   Text-Based Console Login   152   Logging Out   153   Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer   153User Accounts   154Reading Documentation   155   Using Man Pages   156   Using apropros   156   Using whereis   157Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy   157   Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin   158   Configuration Files in /etc   159   User Directories: /home   159   Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel   160   Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory   161   Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory   162   Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory   162Navigating the Linux File System   162   Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls   162   Changing Directories with cd   164   Finding Your Current Directory with pwd   165Working with Permissions   165   Assigning Permissions   166   Directory Permissions   167   Altering File Permissions with chmod   168   File Permissions with umask   169   File Permissions with chgrp   170   Changing File Permissions with chown   170   Understanding Set User ID, Set Group ID, and Sticky Bit Permissions   170   Setting Permissions with Access Control Lists   171Working with Files   173   Creating a File with touch   173   Creating a Directory with mkdir   173   Deleting a Directory with rmdir   174   Deleting a File or Directory with rm   175   Moving or Renaming a File with mv   175   Copying a File with cp   176   Displaying the Contents of a File with cat   177   Displaying the Contents of a File with less   177   Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions   177Working as Root   178   Understanding and Fixing sudo   178   Creating Users   181   Deleting Users   182   Shutting Down the System   182   Rebooting the System   183Commonly Used Commands and Programs   183References   184Chapter 11  Command-Line Master Class Part 1    185Why Use the Command Line?   186Using Basic Commands   187   Printing the Contents of a File with cat   188   Changing Directories with cd   189   Changing File Access Permissions with chmod   191   Copying Files with cp   191   Printing Disk Usage with du   192   Using echo   193   Finding Files by Searching with find   193   Searches for a String in Input with grep   196   Paging Through Output with less   197   Creating Links Between Files with ln   199   Finding Files from an Index with locate   200   Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls   200   Listing System Information with lsblk, lshw, lsmod, and lspci   202   Reading Manual Pages with man   203   Making Directories with mkdir   204   Moving Files with mv   204   Renaming Files with rename   204   Deleting Files and Directories with rm   205   Sorting the Contents of a File with sort   205   Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail   207   Printing the Location of a Command with which   207   Download Files with wget   207References   208Chapter 12  Command-Line Master Class Part 2   209Redirecting Output and Input   209stdin, stdout, stderr, and Redirection   211Comparing Files   212   Finding Differences in Files with diff   212   Finding Similarities in Files with comm212Limiting Resource Use and Job Control   213   Listing Processes with ps   213   Listing Jobs with jobs   214   Running One or More Tasks in the Background   215   Moving Jobs to the Background or Foreground with bg and fg   215   Printing Resource Usage with top   216   Setting Processes Priority with nice   218Combining Commands   219   Pipes   219   Combining Commands with Boolean Operators   221   Running Separate Commands in Sequence   222   Process Substitution   222Using Environment Variables   222Using Common Text Editors   226   Working with nano   227   Working with vi   227   Working with emacs   229   Working with sed and awk   230Working with Compressed Files   232Using Multiple Terminals with byobu   233Polite System Reset Using REISUB   234Fixing an Ubuntu System That Will Not Boot   235   Checking BIOS   235   Checking GRUB   235   Reinstalling GRUB   235   Using Recovery Mode   236   Reinstalling Ubuntu   236Tips and Tricks   236   Running the Previous Command   236   Running Any Previous Command   237   Running a Previous Command that Started with Specific Letters   237   Running the Same Thing You Just Ran with a Different First Word   237   Viewing Your History and More   237   Doing Two or More Things   237   Using Shortcuts   238   Confining a Script to a Directory   238   Using Coreutils   239   Reading the Contents of the Kernel Ring Buffer with dmesg   239References   240Chapter 13  Managing Users   241User Accounts   241   The Super User/Root User   242   User IDs and Group IDs   244   File Permissions   244Managing Groups   245   Group Listing   245   Group Management Tools   246Managing Users   248   User Management Tools   248   Adding New Users   250   Monitoring User Activity on the System   251Managing Passwords   252   System Password Policy   252   The Password File   253   Shadow Passwords   254   Managing Password Security for Users   256   Changing Passwords in a Batch   256Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users   257   Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command   257   Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command   259Disk Quotas   262   Implementing Quotas   262   Manually Configuring Quotas   263Related Ubuntu Commands   264References   264Chapter 14  Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting   265Scheduling Tasks   265   Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later   265   Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly   268   Using rtcwake to Wake Your Computer from Sleep Automatically   270Basic Shell Control   272   The Shell Command Line   273   Shell Pattern-Matching Support   274   Redirecting Input and Output   275   Piping Data   276   Background Processing   277Writing and Executing a Shell Script   277   Running the New Shell Program   279   Storing Shell Scripts for System-Wide Access   279   Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells   280   Using Variables in Shell Scripts   281   Assigning a Value to a Variable   282   Accessing Variable Values   282   Positional Parameters   282   A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter   283   Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve   Variables from the Command Line   284   Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks   284   Built-In Variables   286   Special Characters   287   Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces   288   Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables   288   Using the Backslash as an Escape Character   289   Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output   289   Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash   290   Comparing Expressions with tcsh   295   The for Statement   299   The while Statement   300   The until Statement   302   The repeat Statement (tcsh)   303   The select Statement (pdksh)   303   The shift Statement   304   The if Statement   304   The case Statement   305   The break and exit Statements   307   Using Functions in Shell Scripts   307References   308Chapter 15  The Boot Process   311Running Services at Boot   311Beginning the Boot Loading Process   312   Loading the Linux Kernel   314   System Services and Runlevels   315   Runlevel Definitions   315   Booting into the Default Runlevel   316   Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization   316   Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools   317   Changing Runlevels   318   Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems319   Starting and Stopping Services Manually   319Using Upstart   319systemd   320Boot Repair   322References   322Chapter 16  System-Monitoring Tools   323Console-Based Monitoring   323   Using the kill Command to Control Processes   325   Using Priority Scheduling and Control   326   Displaying Free and Used Memory with free   327   Disk Space   328   Disk Quotas   329   Checking Log Files   329   Rotating Log Files   331Graphical Process and System Management Tools   333   System Monitor   334   Conky   334   Other   339KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools   339Enterprise Server Monitoring   340   Landscape   340   Other   340References   340Chapter 17  Backing Up   341Choosing a Backup Strategy   341   Why Data Loss Occurs   342   Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources   343   Evaluating Backup Strategies   345   Making the Choice   348Choosing Backup Hardware and Media   348   Removable Storage Media   348   CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives   349   Network Storage   349   Tape Drive Backup   349   Cloud Storage   350Using Backup Software   350   tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool   351   The GNOME File Roller   353   The KDE ark Archiving Tool   353   Deja Dup   354   Back In Time   356   Unison   358   Using the Amanda Backup Application   358   Alternative Backup Software   359Copying Files   360   Copying Files Using tar   360   Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams   361   Copying Files Using cp   361   Copying Files Using mc   362   Using rsync   362Version Control for Configuration Files   364System Rescue   366   The Ubuntu Rescue Disc   367   Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader   367   Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive   368References   368Chapter 18  Networking   369Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface   370   Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface   370   Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually   370Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr   371Networking with TCP/IP   374   TCP/IP Addressing   374   Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu   376   Ports   377IPv6 Basics   378Network Organization   380   Subnetting   381   Subnet Masks   381   Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing   382Hardware Devices for Networking   382   Network Interface Cards   382   Network Cable   384   Hubs and Switches   385   Routers and Bridges   386   Initializing New Network Hardware   387Using Network Configuration Tools   389   Command-Line Network Interface Configuration   389   Network Configuration Files   394   Using Graphical Configuration Tools   397Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol   399   How DHCP Works   399   Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time   400   DHCP Software Installation and Configuration   401   Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts   403   Other Uses for DHCP   405Wireless Networking   405   Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu   405   Advantages of Wireless Networking   407   Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols   407Beyond the Network and onto the Internet   408Common Configuration Information   408   Understanding PPP over Ethernet   410   Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually   411Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access   412Troubleshooting Connection Problems   413References   414Chapter 19  Remote Access with SSH, Telnet, and VNC   415Setting Up a Telnet Server   415Telnet Versus SSH   417Setting Up an SSH Server   417SSH Tools   417   Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines   418   Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines   418   Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins   419Virtual Network Computing   420References   423Chapter 20  Securing Your Machines   425Understanding Computer Attacks   425Assessing Your Vulnerability   427Protecting Your Machine   428   Securing a Wireless Network   429   Passwords and Physical Security   429   Configuring and Using Tripwire   430   Devices   431Viruses   431Configuring Your Firewall   432AppArmor   435Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan   437References   439Chapter 21  Performance Tuning   441Hard Disk   441   Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives   442   The hdparm Command   443   File System Tuning   444   The tune2fs Command   444   The e2fsck Command   445   The badblocks Command   445   Disabling File Access Time   445Kernel   445Apache   446MySQL   448   Measuring Key Buffer Usage   448   Using the Query Cache   449   Miscellaneous Tweaks   451   Query Optimization   451References   452Chapter 22  Kernel and Module Management   453The Linux Kernel   454   The Linux Source Tree   455   Types of Kernels   457Managing Modules   458When to Recompile   460Kernel Versions   461Obtaining the Kernel Sources   462Patching the Kernel   463Compiling the Kernel   464   Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel   467   Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image   470When Something Goes Wrong   470   Errors During Compile   471   Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops   472References   472PART IV:  UBUNTU AS A SERVERChapter 23  Sharing Files and Printers   473Using the Network File System   474   Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS   474   NFS Server Configuration   474   NFS Client Configuration   475Putting Samba to Work   476   Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf   478   Testing Samba with the testparm Command   481   Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon   481   Mounting Samba Shares   482Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu   483   Creating Network Printers   483   Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI   485   Avoiding Printer Support Problems   486References   488Chapter 24  Apache Web Server Management   489About the Apache Web Server   489Installing the Apache Server   490   Starting and Stopping Apache   491Runtime Server Configuration Settings   492   Runtime Configuration Directives   492   Editing apache2.conf   493   Apache Multiprocessing Modules   495   Using .htaccess Configuration Files   496File System Authentication and Access Control   498   Restricting Access with Require   498   Authentication   499   Final Words on Access Control   501Apache Modules   502   mod_access   502   mod_alias   502   mod_asis   503   mod_auth   503   mod_auth_anon   503   mod_auth_dbm   503   mod_auth_digest   504   mod_autoindex   504   mod_cgi   504   mod_dir and mod_env   504   mod_expires   504   mod_headers   504   mod_include   505   mod_info and mod_log_config   505   mod_mime and mod_mime_magic   505   mod_negotiation   505   mod_proxy   505   mod_rewrite   505   mod_setenvif   506   mod_speling   506   mod_status   506   mod_ssl   506   mod_unique_id   506   mod_userdir   506   mod_usertrack   507   mod_vhost_alias   507Virtual Hosting   507   Address-Based Virtual Hosts   507   Name-Based Virtual Hosts   508Logging   509HTTPS   510References   513Chapter 25  Nginx Web Server Management   515About the Nginx Web Server   515Installing the Nginx Server   517   Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories   517   Building the Source Yourself   517Configuring the Nginx Server   518Virtual Hosting   521Setting Up PHP   522Adding and Configuring Modules   523HTTPS   524References   526Chapter 26  Other HTTP Servers   527lighttpd   527Yaws   528Cherokee   528Jetty   529thttpd   529Apache Tomcat   530References   530Chapter 27 Remote File Serving with FTP   531Choosing an FTP Server   531   Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server   532   Ubuntu FTP Server Packages   532   Other FTP Servers   532Installing FTP Software   533The FTP User   534Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server   536   Controlling Anonymous Access   537   Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files   537Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection   539References   540Chapter 28  Handling Email   541How Email Is Sent and Received   541   The Mail Transport Agent   542   Choosing an MTA   544   The Mail Delivery Agent544   The Mail User Agent   545Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation   546   Configuring Masquerading   548   Using Smart Hosts   549   Setting Message Delivery Intervals   549   Mail Relaying   550   Forwarding Email with Aliases   550Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail   551   Installing Fetchmail   551   Configuring Fetchmail   551Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent   555   Procmail   555   Spamassassin   555   Squirrelmail   556   Virus Scanners   556   Autoresponders   556Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server   556   Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client   557   CommuniGate Pro   557   Oracle Beehive   557   Bynari   558   Open-Xchange   558   Horde   558References   558Chapter 29  Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN)   561What Is a Proxy Server?   561Installing Squid   562Configuring Clients   562Access Control Lists   563Specifying Client IP Addresses   567Sample Configurations   568Virtual Private Networks (VPN)   570   Setting Up a VPN Client   571   Setting Up a VPN Server   573References   575Chapter 30  Administering Relational Database Services   577A Brief Review of Database Basics   578   How Relational Databases Work   580   Understanding SQL Basics   582   Creating Tables   582   Inserting Data into Tables   583   Retrieving Data from a Database   584Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL   586   Speed   586   Data Locking   586   ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity   587   SQL Subqueries   588   Procedural Languages and Triggers   588Configuring MySQL   588   Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User   589   Creating a Database in MySQL   590Configuring PostgreSQL   592   Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL   592   Creating a Database in PostgreSQL   593   Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL   593   Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL   594   Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL   594Database Clients   595   SSH Access to a Database   595   Local GUI Client Access to a Database   597   Web Access to a Database   597   The MySQL Command-Line Client   598   The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client   600   Graphical Clients   600References   601Chapter 31  NoSQL Databases   603Key/Value Stores   606   Berkeley DB   606   Cassandra   607   Memcached and MemcacheDB   607   Redis   608   Riak   608Document Stores   608   CouchDB   609   MongoDB   610   BaseX   610Wide Column Stores   611   BigTable   611   HBase   611Graph Stores   612   Neo4j   612   OrientDB   612   HyperGraphDB   612   FlockDB   613References   613Chapter 32  Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)   615Configuring the Server   616   Creating Your Schema   616   Populating Your Directory   617Configuring Clients   619   Evolution   620   Thunderbird   621Administration   621References   622Chapter 33  Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP)   623Requirements   624Installation   627Using LTSP   628References   629Chapter 34  Virtualization on Ubuntu   631KVM   633VirtualBox   637VMware   639Xen   639References   639Chapter 35  Ubuntu in the Cloud   641Why a Cloud?   642   Software as a Service (SaaS)   643   Platform as a Service (PaaS)   643   Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)   643   Metal as a Service (MaaS)   643   Before You Do Anything   644Deploy/Install Basics: Public, Private, or Hybrid?   644Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack   645   Compute Infrastructure (Nova)   645   Storage Infrastructure (Swift)   646   Networking Service (Neutron)   646   Identity Service (Keystone)   646   Imaging Service (Glance)   647   Dashboard (Horizon)   647   Learning More   647Juju   647   Getting Started   648   Charms   650   The Juju GUI   652   Juju Quickstart   653   Juju on Mac OS X and Windows   653   Mojo: Continuous Delivery for Juju   653Snappy Ubuntu Core   653Ubuntu Metal as a Service (MaaS)   653Landscape   654References   654Chapter 36  Managing Sets of Servers   655Juju   655Puppet   656Chef   656CFEngine   656Ansible   657Landscape   657References   657Chapter 37  Name Serving with the Domain Name System (DNS)   659Understanding Domain Names   661   DNS Servers   661   DNS Records   662Setting Up a DNS Server with BIND   665References   667PART V:  PROGRAMMING LINUXChapter 38  Using Programming Tools for Ubuntu   669Programming with Linux   670Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu   671   Building Programs with make   671   Using Makefiles   671   Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code   673   Debugging Tools   674Using the GNU C Compiler   675Graphical Development Tools   676   Using the KDevelop Client   676   The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME   677   Use an IDE or SDK   678References   680Chapter 39  Opportunistic Development   681Version Control Systems   681   Managing Software Projects with Git   682   Managing Software Projects with Bazaar   683   Managing Software Projects with Subversion   684   Managing Software Projects with Mercurial   685Introduction to Opportunistic Development   686Launchpad   687Ubuntu Make   688Creating Snap Packages   689Bikeshed and Other Tools   689References   692Chapter 40  Helping with Ubuntu Development   693Introduction to Ubuntu Development   694Setting Up Your Development System   695   Install Basic Packages and Configure   695   Create a Launchpad Account   696   Set Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad   696Developing Apps and Scopes   698Fixing Bugs and Packaging   698Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest   701Masters of the Universe   701References   702Chapter 41  Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA   703Community Teams   703   Ubuntu Testing Team   704   QA Team705Bug Squad   705Test Drive   705References   708Chapter 42  Using Popular Programming Languages   709Ada   710Clojure   710COBOL   711D   712Dart   712Elixir   713Erlang   713Forth   713Go   714Fortran   714Groovy   715Haskell   715Java   715JavaScript   716Lisp   716Lua   717Mono   717OCaml   718Perl   718PHP   719Python   719Ruby   719Rust   720Scala   720Scratch   720Vala   720References   721Chapter 43  Beginning Mobile Development for Android   723Introduction to Android   724   Hardware   724   Linux Kernel   724   Libraries   724   Android Runtime   724   Application Framework   725   Applications   725Installing Android Studio   725   Install Android Studio   725   Install SDK Packages   725Create Your First Application   727References   728Chapter 44  Developing for Ubuntu Mobile/Touch   729Install the SDK   730Create Your First Application   730References   731Index   733BONUS ONLINE CHAPTERSChapter 45  Using Perl WebUsing Perl with Linux   Perl Versions   A Simple Perl ProgramPerl Variables and Data Structures    Perl Variable Types    Special Variables Operators    Comparison Operators    Compound Operators    Arithmetic Operators    Other Operators    Special String Constants Conditional Statements: if/else and unless    if   unless Looping    for    foreach    while    until    last and next    do ..while and do ..until Regular Expressions Access to the Shell Modules and CPAN Code Examples    Sending Mail    Purging Logs    Posting to Usenet    One-Liners    Command-Line Processing References Chapter 46  Using Python Python on Linux The Basics of Python    Numbers    More on Strings    Lists    Dictionaries    Conditionals and Looping Functions Object Orientation    Class and Object Variables    Constructors and Destructors    Class Inheritance The Standard Library and the Python Package Index References Chapter 47  Using PHP Introduction to PHP    Entering and Exiting PHP Mode    Variables    Arrays    Constants    References    Comments    Escape Sequences    Variable Substitution    Operators    Conditional Statements    Special Operators    Switching    Loops    Including Other Files Basic Functions    Strings    Arrays    Files    Miscellaneous Handling HTML Forms Databases References