Ubiquitous Computing: Developing and Evaluating Near Field Communication Applications

Cover......Page 1
Informationsmanagement
und Computer Aided Team......Page 3
Ubiquitous Computing......Page 4
ISBN 9783834921673......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 8
Abstract......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
List of Figures......Page 18
List of Tables......Page 22
Abbreviations......Page 24
1 Introduction......Page 27
1.1 Field of Investigation......Page 28
1.2 Research Problem......Page 30
1.3 Research Questions and Objectives......Page 33
1.4 Methodology......Page 34
1.5 Thesis Structure......Page 38
2.1.1 Definition......Page 41
2.1.2 Building Blocks......Page 43
2.1.3 Technologies......Page 44
2.1.4.1 Standards......Page 46
2.1.4.2 RFID Tag and Data......Page 47
2.1.4.4 Shapes and Form......Page 48
2.1.4.5 Frequencies......Page 49
2.1.4.6 Transmission......Page 50
2.1.4.7 Readers and Connectivity......Page 51
2.1.4.8 Cost......Page 52
2.1.5.1 NFC Forum Technology Architecture......Page 53
2.1.5.2 Mobile NFC Architecture......Page 55
2.1.5.3 Available NFC Phones......Page 56
2.1.5.4 Developing with NFC......Page 58
2.1.5.5 NFC Tags......Page 59
2.1.6 RFID and NFC Information Systems......Page 60
2.2.1 Categorization of Applications Using the Example of RFID......Page 61
2.2.2 User Awareness and Perception of RFID......Page 63
2.3 The Importance of Prototyping......Page 70
3.1 Human Computer Interaction......Page 72
3.1.1.1 The End-User......Page 74
3.1.1.2 Behavioral Constraints of the End-User......Page 75
3.1.1.3 Everyday Tasks......Page 76
3.1.1.4 Cognitive Limitations......Page 77
3.1.1.5 Context-Sensitive Applications to Limit the Cognitive Load......Page 79
3.1.2 Human Computer Interface......Page 80
3.1.2.1 Multimodal Interaction......Page 81
3.1.2.2 Haptic Interfaces......Page 82
3.1.2.4 The Interaction Design of an Everyday Task......Page 84
3.1.2.5 Interaction between Physical Objects and Mobile Devices......Page 85
3.1.3 Summary: Preliminary Set of Requirements......Page 87
3.2.1 Technology Acceptance Evaluation in Ubiquitous Computing......Page 90
3.2.2 Innovation Adoption......Page 91
3.2.3 Technology Acceptance Models......Page 95
3.2.3.2 Theory of Reasoned Action / Theory of Planned Behaviour (TRA/TPB)......Page 96
3.2.3.3 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)......Page 97
3.2.3.4 Task-Technology Fit (TTF)......Page 98
3.2.3.6 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)......Page 99
3.2.3.7 Critical Assessment of Acceptance Models......Page 109
3.2.4 Summary: Technology Acceptance and Implications......Page 110
4.1 Ubiquitous Computing Application Development......Page 113
4.1.1 Determining Initial Requirements......Page 114
4.1.2 Challenges......Page 116
4.1.3 End-User Integration......Page 117
4.1.4 Prototypes......Page 118
4.1.5 System Engineering and Prototyping......Page 120
4.2.1 Challenges......Page 121
4.2.2 Evaluating Prototypes......Page 122
4.2.3 Evaluation in Specific Prototype Phases......Page 124
4.3 A-priori: The Ubiquitous Computing Application Development and Evaluation Process Model (UCAN)......Page 129
4.4.1 NFC Applications......Page 130
4.4.2 Selection Criteria......Page 131
4.4.3 Motivation......Page 133
4.4.4 Conducting the Case Studies......Page 134
4.4.5 Overview......Page 135
5.1 Easymeeting: Meeting Room Management System......Page 137
5.1.1 Vision of a Motivating Application......Page 138
5.1.4 Evaluation of the Initial Idea......Page 139
5.1.5 Refined Idea......Page 140
5.1.6 Low-Fidelityy Prototypee......Page 143
5.1.7.1 Research Methodology......Page 146
5.1.7.3 Data Collection and Data Coding......Page 147
5.1.8.1 Evaluation Results—Qualitative with ”Talking out Loud” Method......Page 148
5.1.8.2 Evaluation Results—Quantitative According UTAUT Items......Page 149
5.1.9 Refined Use Case......Page 152
5.1.10.1 Improve and Theorize about the Developed Process Model (UCAN)......Page 154
5.1.10.2 Preparing Design Guidelines......Page 156
5.2 Mobile Prosumer: Smart Product Information System at the Point of Sale......Page 158
5.2.2 General Problem: Smart Products and Information Services......Page 160
5.2.2.2 Smart Products—Bridging the Gap of Offline and Online Information......Page 161
5.2.2.3 Demand for RFID-based Information Services at the Point of Sale......Page 163
5.2.3 Initial Idea......Page 164
5.2.5 Refined Idea......Page 165
5.2.6 Low-Fidelity Prototype......Page 166
5.2.7 Evaluation of the Low-Fidelity Prototype......Page 167
5.2.7.1 Research Methodology......Page 168
5.2.7.2 Sample......Page 169
5.2.8.1 Experiences and Attitude towards Shopping......Page 170
5.2.8.2 Evaluating the Initial Idea—Paper-based Concept Test......Page 171
5.2.9.2 Low-Fidelity Prototype Evaluation—Focus Group 2: Sales Assistants......Page 173
5.2.10 Refined Use Case......Page 174
5.2.11.1 Improve and Theorize about the Developed Process Model (UCAN)......Page 177
5.2.11.2 Preparing Design Guidelines......Page 179
6 Working Prototype: An NFC-based Mobile Phone Ticketing System......Page 181
6.1 From the Initial Idea to the Working Prototype......Page 182
6.2 Working Prototype......Page 185
6.3 Evaluation of the Working Prototype......Page 187
6.3.1 Sample......Page 189
6.3.2.2 Adaptation of Original UTAUT Constructs......Page 190
6.3.2.3 Summary of Items and Constructs......Page 199
6.3.2.4 Determining Measurement Points......Page 200
6.3.3 Data Collection......Page 201
6.3.4 Data Processing......Page 202
6.4.1 Data Analysis......Page 203
6.4.2 PLS Analysis......Page 204
6.4.3.1 Behavioural Intention......Page 209
6.4.3.2 Performance Expectancy......Page 212
6.4.3.4 Social Influence......Page 213
6.4.3.8 Facilitating Conditions......Page 214
6.4.5 Further Results......Page 215
6.4.6 Direct Limitations......Page 217
6.5.1.1 Benefits of the Process......Page 219
6.5.1.3 Evaluation of the Research Instrument: Quantitative Survey......Page 220
6.5.2 Preparing Design Guidelines......Page 221
7.1 Conclusion......Page 223
7.1.1 Evaluation of the Case Studies......Page 224
7.1.2 Technological Comparison......Page 225
7.1.3 Improving UCAN......Page 227
7.1.4 Design Guidelines for NFC-based Ubiquitous Computing Applications......Page 233
7.1.5 Contributions of the Analysis......Page 240
7.2.1 Limitations......Page 243
7.2.2 Future Research......Page 244
Bibliography......Page 247
Appendix......Page 265