Turbomachines

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
Contents
Chapter 1: Basics of Turbomachines
	Learning Objectives
	1.1: Introduction
	1.2: Classification of Fluid Machines
	1.3: Turbomachines
	1.4: Turbomachines and Positive Displacement Machines
	1.5: Classification of Turbomachines
		1.5.1: Examples
	1.6: Units and Dimensions
	1.7: Energy of Fluids
		1.7.1: Pressure Energy
		1.7.2: Kinetic Energy
		1.7.3: Potential Energy
		1.7.4: Thermal Energy or Enthalpy
		1.7.5: Head Energy
	1.8: Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics
	1.9: Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
		1.9.1: Efficiencies of Turbomachines
		1.9.2: Power-Flow Diagrams in Head Units
	1.10: Model Studies
	1.11: Dimensional Analysis
	1.12: Unit and Specific Quantities
	1.13: Non-Dimensional Parameters and Their Significance
	1.14: Effect of Reynolds Number
	1.15: Specific Speed
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 2: Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow
	Learning Objectives
	2.1: Introduction
	2.2: Static and Stagnation States
	2.3: Thermodynamics of Turbomachine Processes
	2.4: Isentropic Compression Process
	2.5: Isothermal Compression Process
	2.6: Isentropic Expansion Process
	2.7: Overall Isentropic Efficiency versus Stage Efficiency
		2.7.1: Pre-heat Effect in Multi-stage Compressor
		2.7.2: Re-heat Effect in Multi-stage Turbines
	2.8: Infinitesimal-Stage or Small-Stage Efficiency or Polytropic Efficiency
	2.9: Reheat Factor for Expansion Processes
	2.10: Overall Isentropic Efficiency versus Finite-Stage Efficiency: Compression and Expansion Processes
		2.10.1: Compression Process
		2.10.2: Expansion Process or Turbine Process
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 3: Energy Exchange in Turbomachines
	Learning Objectives
	3.1: Introduction
	3.2: Velocity Triangles
	3.3: Basic Equations: Linear Momentum Equation, Impulse Momentum Equation, Moment of Momentum Equation, and Euler Turbine Equation
	3.4: Alternate Form of the Euler Turbine Equation
		3.4.1: Components of Energy Transfer
		3.4.2: Energy Equation of Relative Velocities
	3.5: Impulse and Reaction
	3.6: Utilization Factor of Turbines
	3.7: Speed Ratio
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 4: General Analysis of Turbomachines
	Learning Objectives
	4.1: Introduction
	4.2: General Analysis of Radial Flow Machines
	4.3: Radial Flow Machines (Centrifugal Pumps, Centrifugal Blowers, and Centrifugal Compressors): Velocity Triangles
		4.3.1: Effect of Blade Outlet Angle on Energy Transfer
		4.3.2: Effect of the Blade Outlet Angle on Reaction
		4.3.3: Effect of the Blade Exit Angle on the Performance
		4.3.4: Flow Analysis in Impeller Blades: Slip and Slip Factor or the Coefficient of Slip
		4.3.5: Losses in Impeller Blade Passages
		4.3.6: Characteristic Curves: Head–Capacity Relationship
		4.3.7: Effect of Prewhirl
	4.4: Axial Flow Machines
		4.4.1: Reaction in Axial Flow Machines
		4.4.2: Effect of Blade Angles on the Specific Work and Degree of Reaction: Turbines
		4.4.3: Effect of Blade Angles on the Specific Work and Degree of Reaction: Compressors
		4.4.4: Flow Analysis in Runner Blades: Slip and Slip Factor or Coefficient of Slip
		4.4.5: Losses in Blade Passages
	4.5: Fan Laws
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 5: Steam Turbines
	Learning Objectives
	5.1: Introduction
	5.2: Classification of Steam Turbines
		5.2.1: Single-Stage Impulse Turbine: De Laval Turbine
		5.2.2: Single-Stage Reaction Turbine
	5.3: Compounding of Steam Turbines
		5.3.1: Pressure Compounding
		5.3.2: Velocity Compounding
		5.3.3: Pressure–Velocity Compounding
	5.4: Analysis
		5.4.1: Rateau Stages
		5.4.2: Parsons Stages
		5.4.3: Curtis Stage
	5.5: Mass Flow Rate and Blade Heights
	5.6: Efficiencies
		5.6.1: Nozzle Efficiency
		5.6.2: Carryover Efficiency
		5.6.3: Stator Efficiency or Blade Passage Efficiency
		5.6.4: Rotor Efficiency or Vane Efficiency
		5.6.5: Stage Efficiency
	5.7: Reheat Factor
	5.8: Governing of Steam Turbines
		5.8.1: Governing by Nozzle Control
		5.8.2: Governing by Throttle Control
	5.9: Performance Characteristics of Steam Turbines
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 6: Hydraulic Turbines
	Learning Objectives
	6.1: Introduction
	6.2: Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
		6.2.1: Selection of Hydraulic Turbines
	6.3: Pelton Turbine
		6.3.1: Constructional Details of Pelton Turbine
		6.3.2: Analysis of the Pelton Turbine
		6.3.3: Efficiencies of Pelton turbine
		6.3.4: Design Parameters of Pelton Turbine
	6.4: Francis Turbine
		6.4.1: Constructional Features of Francis Turbine
		6.4.2: Analysis of the Francis Turbine
		6.4.3: Efficiencies of Francis turbine
		6.4.4: Design Parameters of Francis Turbine
	6.5: Draft Tube
		6.5.1: Analysis of Draft Tube
	6.6: Cavitation
	6.7: Kaplan Turbine and Propeller Turbine
		6.7.1: Constructional Features of Kaplan and Propeller Turbines
		6.7.2: Analysis of Kaplan and Propeller Turbines
		6.7.3: Efficiencies of Kaplan or Propeller Turbine
		6.7.4: Design Parameters of Kaplan and Propeller Turbines
	6.8: Governing of Hydraulic Turbines
		6.8.1: Parts of the Governing System
		6.8.2: Working of the Governing System
	6.9: Characteristics of the Hydraulic Turbine
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 7: Centrifugal Pumps
	Learning Objectives
	7.1: Introduction
	7.2: Centrifugal Pump
		7.2.1: Advantages of Centrifugal Pumps over Reciprocating Pumps
	7.3: Construction and Working of a Centrifugal Pump
	7.4: Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
	7.5: Different Heads of Centrifugal Pumps
	7.6: Different Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
		7.6.1: Mechanical Efficiency
		7.6.2: Volumetric Efficiency
		7.6.3: Hydraulic Efficiency or Manometric Efficiency
		7.6.4: Overall Efficiency
	7.7: Analysis of a Centrifugal Pump
	7.8: Minimum Starting Speed of a Centrifugal Pump
	7.9: Maximum Suction Lift and Net Positive Suction Head
	7.10: Cavitation
	7.11: Priming
	7.12: Pumps in Series and in Parallel
		7.12.1: Pumps-in-Series
		7.12.2: Pumps-in-Parallel
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 8: Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
	Learning Objectives
	8.1: Introduction
	8.2: Radial Flow Compressors or Centrifugal Compressors
		8.2.1: Stage Velocity Triangles, Inlet Flow Conditions, and Pre-Whirl
	8.3: Compression Process
		8.3.1: Slip in the Compression Process
		8.3.2: Isentropic Compression Efficiency
		8.3.3: Pressure Coefficient or Loading Coefficient
		8.3.4: Power Input Factor or Work-Done Factor
		8.3.5: Analysis of Diffuser Flow: Diffuser Efficiency
		8.3.6: Stage Work and Stage Efficiency
		8.3.7: Pressure Developed in the Rotor and Compressor
		8.3.8: Performance of a Radial Flow Compressor
	8.4: Matching of Compressor and System Characteristics: Surging in Compressors
	8.5: Axial Flow Compressors
		8.5.1: Stage Velocity Triangles
		8.5.2: Stage Work, Stage Efficiency, and Performance
	8.6: Stalling of the Blades
	Keywords
	Summary
	Important Equations
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Chapter 9: Power-Transmitting Turbomachines
	Learning Objectives
	9.1: Introduction
	9.2: Working Principle of a Power-Transmitting Turbomachine
	9.3: Construction and Working of a Power-Transmitting Turbomachine
	9.4: Analysis of Power-Transmitting Turbomachines
		9.4.1: Fluid Coupling
		9.4.2: Torque Converter
	9.5: Comparison of Fluid Systems with Mechanical Systems
		9.5.1: Applications
	Summary
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Review Questions
	Exercises
	Project-Oriented Questions
	Answers
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Backcover