Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone

Foreword to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	1: Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
		1.1	 Clinical Features
		1.2	 Roentgenographic Findings
		1.3	 Classification
			1.3.1	 Classification Scheme
		1.4	 Gross Examination
		1.5	 Grading and Staging
		Suggested Reading
	2: Special Clinical Aspects of Certain Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Reason for Consultation
		2.3	 The Tumor
			2.3.1	 Age of Presentation
			2.3.2	 Tumor Location
			2.3.3	 Tumor Behavior
		2.4	 Complementary Tests
			2.4.1	 CT Scans
			2.4.2	 MRI
			2.4.3	 Bone Scan
			2.4.4	 PET/CT
			2.4.5	 Angiography
			2.4.6	 Laboratory Tests
		2.5	 Preneoplastic Lesions
		Suggested Reading
	3: An Imaging Approach to Bone Tumors
		3.1	 Imaging Modalities
			3.1.1	 Radiographs
			3.1.2	 Computed Tomography
			3.1.3	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			3.1.4	 Bone Scintigraphy
			3.1.5	 Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography
			3.1.6	 Positron Emission Tomography–Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		3.2	 Imaging for Staging and Biopsy
			3.2.1	 Staging
			3.2.2	 Image-Guided Biopsy
			3.2.3	 Image-Guided Treatments
		3.3	 Characteristically Benign Lesions
			3.3.1	 Nonossifying Fibroma
			3.3.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia
			3.3.3	 Enchondroma
			3.3.4	 Paget’s Disease
		3.4	 Osteogenic Lesions
			3.4.1	 Osteoid Osteoma
			3.4.2	 Osteoblastoma
			3.4.3	 Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.1	 Conventional Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.2	 Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.3	 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.4	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.5	 Periosteal Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.6	 High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
				3.4.3.7	 Secondary Osteosarcoma
		3.5	 Cartilage Tumors
			3.5.1	 Osteochondroma
			3.5.2	 Periosteal Chondroma
			3.5.3	 Chondroblastoma
			3.5.4	 Chondromyxoid Fibroma
			3.5.5	 Chondrosarcoma
			3.5.6	 Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
			3.5.7	 Periosteal Chondrosarcoma
		3.6	 Notochordal Tumors
			3.6.1	 Chordoma
			3.6.2	 Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
		3.7	 Ewing Sarcoma
		3.8	 Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumor
		3.9	 Osteoclastic Giant Cell–Rich Tumors
			3.9.1	 Giant Cell Tumor
			3.9.2	 Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
		3.10	 Miscellaneous Tumors
			3.10.1	 Unicameral Bone Cyst
			3.10.2	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			3.10.3	 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			3.10.4	 Adamantinoma
			3.10.5	 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
			3.10.6	 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
		References
	4: Methods of Bone Biopsy
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Surgical Biopsy
			4.2.1	 Intraoperative Biopsy
			4.2.2	 Paraffin-Embedded Sections
		4.3	 Needle Biopsy (Fine Needle or Trocar Biopsy)
			4.3.1	 Types of Devices
			4.3.2	 Anesthesia and Imaging
			4.3.3	 Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
			4.3.4	 Core Needle Biopsy
			4.3.5	 Coaxial Technique
			4.3.6	 Accuracy and Advantages of Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
		4.4	 Biopsy for Molecular Studies
		4.5	 Tomographic Classification of Bone Lesions for Planning of CT-Guided Needle Biopsy
			4.5.1	 Type 1
			4.5.2	 Type 2
			4.5.3	 Type 3
			4.5.4	 Type 4
		4.6	 Important Concepts and Conclusions
		References
			Suggested Reading
	5: Basic and Ancillary Techniques in Bone Pathology
		5.1	 Basic Technique
		5.2	 Histochemistry
		5.3	 Electron Microscopy
		5.4	 Flow Cytometry
		5.5	 Histomorphometry of Undecalcified Bone
		5.6	 Immunohistochemistry
		5.7	 Karyotyping
		5.8	 Blotting
			5.8.1	 Southern Blot
			5.8.2	 Northern Blot
			5.8.3	 Western Blot
			5.8.4	 Dot Blot
		5.9	 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real-Time PCR
			5.9.1	 PCR
			5.9.2	 Real-Time PCR
		5.10	 In Situ Hybridization
			5.10.1	 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
			5.10.2	 Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization (CISH)
			5.10.3	 Silver In Situ Hybridization (SISH)
		5.11	 Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Chromothripsis
			5.11.1	 Comparative Genomic Hybridization
			5.11.2	 Chromothripsis
		5.12	 DNA Microarray
			5.12.1	 Application of Microarray
		5.13	 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
		Reference
			Suggested Reading
	6: Grading and Staging
		6.1	 Grading of Bone Tumors
			6.1.1	 Osteosarcoma
			6.1.2	 Chondrosarcoma
			6.1.3	 Other Bone Tumors
		6.2	 Staging of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms
		Suggested Reading
	7: Systemic Treatment of Conventional High-Grade Osteosarcoma
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Preoperative Versus Postoperative Chemotherapy
		7.3	 Alternative Postoperative Chemotherapy for Poor Response
		7.4	 Intensification of Preoperative Chemotherapy Regimens
		7.5	 Systemic Therapy for Older Patients
		7.6	 Treatment for Relapsed Disease
		Suggested Reading
	8: Surgical Treatment of Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Biopsy
		8.3	 Amputation (Limb-Sacrificing Surgery)
		8.4	 Limb Salvage (Limb-Sparing Resection)
			8.4.1	 Surgical Margins
				8.4.1.1	 Intralesional Excision
				8.4.1.2	 Marginal Excision
				8.4.1.3	 Wide Excision
				8.4.1.4	 Radical Excision
		8.5	 Special Considerations
			8.5.1	 Pelvic Lesions
			8.5.2	 Spine Lesions
			8.5.3	 Shoulder Girdle Lesions
			8.5.4	 Periarticular Lesions
		8.6	 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Bone-forming Tumors
	9: Medullary Osteoma
		9.1	 Definition
		9.2	 Synonyms
		9.3	 Etiology
		9.4	 Epidemiology
		9.5	 Sites of Involvement
		9.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		9.7	 Imaging Features
			9.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			9.7.2	 CT Features
			9.7.3	 MRI Features
			9.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		9.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis (for Large Lesions)
		9.9	 Pathology
			9.9.1	 Gross Features
			9.9.2	 Histological Features
			9.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				9.9.3.1	 Osteoblastic Sclerotic Metastases (in Adults)
		9.10	 Prognosis
		9.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	10: Parosteal Osteoma
		10.1	 Definition
		10.2	 Synonyms
		10.3	 Etiology
		10.4	 Epidemiology
		10.5	 Sites of Involvement
		10.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		10.7	 Imaging Features
			10.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			10.7.2	 CT Features
			10.7.3	 MRI Features
			10.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		10.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			10.8.1	 Osteochondroma
			10.8.2	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
			10.8.3	 Myositis Ossificans: Mature Lesions
			10.8.4	 Melorheostosis
		10.9	 Pathology
			10.9.1	 Gross Features
			10.9.2	 Histological Features
			10.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				10.9.3.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
				10.9.3.2	 Myositis Ossificans: Mature Lesions
				10.9.3.3	 Osteochondroma: Sessile Type
				10.9.3.4	 Melorheostosis
		10.10	 Prognosis
		10.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	11: Osteoid Osteoma
		11.1	 Definition
		11.2	 Synonyms
		11.3	 Etiology
		11.4	 Epidemiology
		11.5	 Sites of Involvement
		11.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		11.7	 Imaging Features
			11.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.22, and 11.23)
			11.7.2	 CT Features
			11.7.3	 MRI Features
			11.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		11.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			11.8.1	 Intraosseous Abscess (Brodie Abscess)
			11.8.2	 Intracortical Hemangioma
			11.8.3	 Stress Fracture
		11.9	 Pathology
			11.9.1	 Gross Features (Fig. 11.24)
			11.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 11.25, 11.26, 11.27, 11.28, 11.29, and 11.30)
			11.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				11.9.3.1	 Osteoblastoma
				11.9.3.2	 Intraosseous Abscess (Brodie Abscess)
				11.9.3.3	 Intraosseous Hemangioma
			11.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				11.9.4.1	 Genetics
		11.10	 Prognosis
		11.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	12: Osteoblastoma
		12.1	 Definition
		12.2	 Synonyms
		12.3	 Etiology
		12.4	 Epidemiology
		12.5	 Sites of Involvement
		12.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		12.7	 Imaging Features
			12.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, and 12.10)
			12.7.2	 CT Features
			12.7.3	 MRI Features
			12.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		12.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			12.8.1	 Osteoid Osteoma
			12.8.2	 Osteosarcoma
			12.8.3	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
		12.9	 Pathology
			12.9.1	 Gross Features
			12.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 12.11, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, and 12.15)
			12.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				12.9.3.1	 Osteoid Osteoma
				12.9.3.2	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) in Vertebral Location
				12.9.3.3	 Osteosarcoma (Especially Osteoblastoma-Like Osteosarcoma) (Figs. 12.16, 12.17, 12.18, 12.19, 12.20, 12.21, 12.22, 12.23, 12.24, 12.25, 12.26, 12.27, 12.28, 12.29, and 12.30)
				12.9.3.4	 Fibrous Dysplasia
				12.9.3.5	 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
			12.9.4	 Genetics
		12.10	 Prognosis
		12.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	13: Conventional Central Osteosarcoma
		13.1	 Conventional Central Osteosarcoma
			13.1.1	 Definition
			13.1.2	 Synonyms
			13.1.3	 Etiology
			13.1.4	 Clinical Features
				13.1.4.1	 Epidemiology
					Primary CCO
					Secondary CCO
				13.1.4.2	 Sites of Involvement
				13.1.4.3	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
					Primary CCO
					Secondary CCO
			13.1.5	 Image Diagnosis
				13.1.5.1	 Radiographic Features
				13.1.5.2	 CT and MRI Features
				13.1.5.3	 Bone Scan
				13.1.5.4	 Image Differential Diagnosis
			13.1.6	 Pathology
				13.1.6.1	 Gross Features
				13.1.6.2	 Histological Features
					Primary CCO
						Giant Cell-Rich Osteosarcoma
						Osteoblastoma-Like Osteosarcoma
						Epithelioid Osteosarcoma
						Chondroblastoma-Like Osteosarcoma
						Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
						Small-Cell Osteosarcoma
						Chondromyxoid Fibroma-Like Osteosarcoma
						Osteosarcoma Mimicking a Plasma Cell Myeloma
						Multicentric Osteosarcoma
					Secondary CCO
				13.1.6.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
					Benign
					Malignant
					Exuberant/Hypertrophic Callus
					Stress Fracture, Insufficiency Fracture, Avulsion Fracture
					Florid Reactive Periostitis and Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
					Myositis Ossificans
					Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
					Osteoblastoma
					Giant Cell Tumor
					Chondrosarcoma
					Fibrosarcoma (Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma)
					Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
					Ewing and Ewing-Like Sarcoma
					Myoepithelial Carcinoma
					Synovial Sarcoma
					Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor
				13.1.6.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				13.1.6.5	 Molecular Genetics
			13.1.7	 Prognosis
				13.1.7.1	 Primary CCO
				13.1.7.2	 Secondary CCO
			13.1.8	 Treatment
				13.1.8.1	 Surgery
				13.1.8.2	 Preoperative Chemotherapy (Neoadjuvant)
				13.1.8.3	 Treatment Difficulties in Secondary Osteosarcomas
		13.2	 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma (LGCOS)
			13.2.1	 Definition
			13.2.2	 Etiology
			13.2.3	 Clinical Features
				13.2.3.1	 Epidemiology
				13.2.3.2	 Sites of Involvement
				13.2.3.3	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			13.2.4	 Image Diagnosis
				13.2.4.1	 Radiographic Features
				13.2.4.2	 Image Differential Diagnosis
					Desmoplastic Fibroma in the Bone
					Fibrous Dysplasia
			13.2.5	 Pathology
				13.2.5.1	 Gross Features
				13.2.5.2	 Histological Features
				13.2.5.3	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
					Fibrous Dysplasia
					Desmoplastic Fibroma in the Bone
					Leiomyosarcoma of the Bone
				13.2.5.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				13.2.5.5	 Molecular Genetics
			13.2.6	 Prognosis
			13.2.7	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	14: Osteosarcoma of the Jaws
		14.1	 Definition
		14.2	 Synonyms
		14.3	 Etiology
		14.4	 Epidemiology
		14.5	 Sites of Involvement
		14.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		14.7	 Imaging Features
		14.8	 Pathology
			14.8.1	 Gross Features
			14.8.2	 Histopathological Features
		14.9	 Pathological Differential Diagnosis
			14.9.1	 Chondrosarcoma
			14.9.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia
		14.10	 Prognosis
		14.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	15: Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		15.1	 Definition
		15.2	 Synonyms
		15.3	 Etiology
		15.4	 Epidemiology
		15.5	 Sites of Involvement
		15.6	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		15.7	 Imaging Features
			15.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 15.1, 15.2, and 15.3)
			15.7.2	 CT Features
			15.7.3	 MRI Features
			15.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		15.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			15.8.1	 Myositis Ossificans
			15.8.2	 Osteochondroma
		15.9	 Pathology
			15.9.1	 Gross Features (Figs. 15.4 and 15.5)
			15.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.11, 15.12, and 15.13)
		15.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			15.10.1 Osteochondroma
			15.10.2 Heterotopic Ossification
			15.10.3 Osteoma
		15.11	 Ancillary Studies
			15.11.1 Immunohistochemistry
			15.11.2 Genetics
		15.12	 Prognosis
		15.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	16: Periosteal Osteosarcoma
		16.1	 Definition
		16.2	 Synonyms
		16.3	 Etiology
		16.4	 Epidemiology
		16.5	 Sites of Involvement
		16.6	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		16.7	 Imaging Features
			16.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Fig. 16.1)
			16.7.2	 CT Features
			16.7.3	 MRI Features
			16.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		16.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			16.8.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
			16.8.2	 Parosteal Chondrosarcoma
			16.8.3	 High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
		16.9	 Pathology
			16.9.1	 Gross Features (Fig. 16.2)
			16.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, and 16.8)
		16.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			16.10.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
			16.10.2	 Parosteal Chondrosarcoma
			16.10.3	 High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
			16.10.4	 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
			16.10.5	 Osteochondroma
		16.11	 Ancillary Studies
			16.11.1	 Genetics
		16.12	 Prognosis
		16.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	17: High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
		17.1	 Definition
		17.2	 Synonyms
		17.3	 Etiology
		17.4	 Clinical Features
			17.4.1	 Epidemiology
			17.4.2	 Sex
			17.4.3	 Age
			17.4.4	 Sites of Involvement
			17.4.5	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		17.5	 Image Diagnosis
			17.5.1	 Radiographic Features (Fig. 17.1)
			17.5.2	 CT Features
			17.5.3	 MRI Features
			17.5.4	 Bone Scan
		17.6	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			17.6.1	 Periosteal Osteosarcoma
			17.6.2	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		17.7	 Pathology
			17.7.1	 Gross Features (Fig. 17.2)
			17.7.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 17.3, 17.4, and 17.5)
			17.7.3	 Histologic Differential Diagnosis
				17.7.3.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
				17.7.3.2	 Periosteal Osteosarcoma
		17.8	 Genetics
		17.9	 Prognosis
		17.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part III: Cartilage-forming Tumors
	18: Enchondroma
		18.1	 Definition
		18.2	 Synonyms
		18.3	 Etiology
		18.4	 Epidemiology
		18.5	 Sites of Involvement
		18.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		18.7	 Imaging Features
			18.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			18.7.2	 CT Features
			18.7.3	 MRI Features
		18.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			18.8.1	 Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma
		18.9	 Pathology
			18.9.1	 Gross Features
			18.9.2	 Histological Features
			18.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				18.9.3.1	 Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma
				18.9.3.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				18.9.4.1	 Genetics
		18.10	 Prognosis
		18.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	19: Multiple Enchondromatosis (Ollier’s Disease)
		19.1	 Definition
		19.2	 Synonyms
		19.3	 Etiology
		19.4	 Epidemiology
		19.5	 Sites of Involvement
		19.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		19.7	 Imaging Features
		19.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			19.8.1	 Secondary Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma
		19.9	 Pathology
			19.9.1	 Gross Features
			19.9.2	 Histological Features
			19.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				19.9.3.1	 Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma
			19.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				19.9.4.1	 Genetics
		19.10	 Prognosis
		19.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	20: Periosteal Chondroma
		20.1	 Definition
		20.2	 Synonyms
		20.3	 Etiology
		20.4	 Epidemiology
		20.5	 Sites of Involvement
		20.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		20.7	 Imaging Features
			20.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			20.7.2	 CT Features
			20.7.3	 MRI Features
		20.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			20.8.1	 Periosteal Chondrosarcoma
			20.8.2	 Periosteal Osteosarcoma
		20.9	 Pathology
			20.9.1	 Gross Features
			20.9.2	 Histological Features
			20.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			20.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				20.9.4.1	 Genetics
		20.10	 Prognosis
		20.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	21: Osteochondroma
		21.1	 Definition
		21.2	 Synonyms
		21.3	 Etiology
		21.4	 Epidemiology
		21.5	 Sites of Involvement
		21.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		21.7	 Imaging Features
		21.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			21.8.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
			21.8.2	 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
			21.8.3	 Myositis Ossificans
		21.9	 Pathology
			21.9.1	 Gross Features
			21.9.2	 Histological Features
			21.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				21.9.3.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
				21.9.3.2	 Secondary Chondrosarcoma Arising from Osteochondroma
				21.9.3.3	 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
			21.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				21.9.4.1	 Genetics
		21.10	 Prognosis
		21.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	22: Multiple Osteochondromatosis
		22.1	 Definition
		22.2	 Synonyms
		22.3	 Etiology
		22.4	 Epidemiology
		22.5	 Sites of Involvement
		22.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		22.7	 Imaging Features
		22.8	 Pathology
			22.8.1	 Gross and Histologic Features
			22.8.2	 Ancillary Techniques
				22.8.2.1	 Genetics
		22.9	 Prognosis
		22.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	23: Chondroblastoma
		23.1	 Definition
		23.2	 Synonyms
		23.3	 Etiology
		23.4	 Epidemiology
		23.5	 Sites of Involvement
		23.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		23.7	 Imaging Features
			23.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			23.7.2	 CT Features
			23.7.3	 MRI Features
		23.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		23.9	 Pathology
			23.9.1	 Gross Features
			23.9.2	 Histological Features
			23.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			23.9.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				23.9.4.1	 Genetics
		23.10	 Prognosis
		23.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	24: Chondromyxoid Fibroma
		24.1	 Definition
		24.2	 Synonyms
		24.3	 Epidemiology
		24.4	 Sites of Involvement
		24.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		24.6	 Imaging Features
			24.6.1	 Radiographic Features
			24.6.2	 CT Features
			24.6.3	 MRI Features
		24.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		24.8	 Pathology
			24.8.1	 Gross Features
			24.8.2	 Histological Features
			24.8.3	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
				24.8.3.1	 Chondrosarcoma
				24.8.3.2	 Enchondroma
				24.8.3.3	 Chondroblastoma
				24.8.3.4	 Extragnathic Myxoma
			24.8.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				24.8.4.1	 Immunohistochemistry
				24.8.4.2	 Genetics
		24.9	 Prognosis
		24.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	25: Chondrosarcoma
		25.1	 Primary Chondrosarcoma
			25.1.1	 Conventional Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma
				25.1.1.1	 Definition
				25.1.1.2	 Synonyms
				25.1.1.3	 Etiology
				25.1.1.4	 Clinical Features
					Epidemiology
					Sites of Involvement
					Clinical Symptoms and Signs
				25.1.1.5	 Image Diagnosis
					Radiographic Findings
					CT Features
					MRI Features
					Bone Scan
					Image Differential Diagnosis
				25.1.1.6	 Pathology
					Biopsy
						Gross Features
						Histology
							Borderline/Low-Grade Chondrosarcomas
							High-Grade Cartilaginous Tumors
							Grading
						Immunohistochemistry
						Ancillary Techniques
							Genetics and Molecular
				25.1.1.7	 Prognosis
				25.1.1.8	 Treatment Options
				25.1.1.9	 Conventional Chondrosarcoma Located in Specific Anatomical Sites
					Chondrosarcoma of the Hands and Feet
						Definition
						Synonyms
						Etiology
						Epidemiology
						Site
						Clinical Symptoms and Signs
						Image Diagnosis
							Radiographic Features
							Image Differential Diagnosis
						Pathology
							Gross Features
							Histologic Features
							Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
						Ancillary Techniques
							Genetics
						Prognosis
						Treatment Options
					Chondrosarcoma of the Craniofacial Region
						Definition
						Synonyms
						Etiology
						Epidemiology
						Site
						Clinical Symptoms and Signs
						Image Diagnosis
							Radiographic Features
							CT Features
							MRI Features
							Image Differential Diagnosis
						Pathology
							Gross Features
							Histologic Features
							Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
						Ancillary Techniques
							Genetics
						Prognosis
						Treatment Options
			25.1.2	 Periosteal (Juxtacortical) Chondrosarcoma
				25.1.2.1	 Definition
				25.1.2.2	 Synonyms
				25.1.2.3	 Etiology
				25.1.2.4	 Epidemiology
				25.1.2.5	 Site
				25.1.2.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
				25.1.2.7	 Image Diagnosis
					Radiographic Features
					CT Features
					MRI Features
					Image Differential Diagnosis
				25.1.2.8	 Pathology
					Gross Features
					Histologic Features
					Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				25.1.2.9	 Ancillary Techniques
					Genetics
				25.1.2.10	 Prognosis
				25.1.2.11	 Treatment Options
		25.2	 Secondary Chondrosarcoma
			25.2.1	 Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma
				25.2.1.1	 Definition
				25.2.1.2	 Synonyms
				25.2.1.3	 Etiology
				25.2.1.4	 Epidemiology
				25.2.1.5	 Site
				25.2.1.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
				25.2.1.7	 Image Diagnosis
					Radiographic Features
					CT and MRI Features
				25.2.1.8	 Pathology
					Gross Features
					Histologic Features
					Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				25.2.1.9	 Ancillary Techniques
					Genetics
				25.2.1.10	 Prognosis
				25.2.1.11	 Treatment Options
			25.2.2	 Secondary Central Chondrosarcoma
				25.2.2.1	 Definition
				25.2.2.2	 Synonyms
				25.2.2.3	 Etiology
				25.2.2.4	 Epidemiology
				25.2.2.5	 Site
				25.2.2.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
				25.2.2.7	 Image Diagnosis
				25.2.2.8	 Pathology
				25.2.2.9	 Ancillary Techniques
					Genetics
				25.2.2.10	 Prognosis
		References
	26: Chondrosarcoma Variants
		26.1	 Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
			26.1.1 Definition
			26.1.2 Etiology
			26.1.3 Epidemiology
			26.1.4 Sites of Involvement
			26.1.5 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			26.1.6 Imaging Features
				26.1.6.1	 Radiographic Features
				26.1.6.2	 CT and MRI Features
			26.1.7 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			26.1.8 Pathology
				26.1.8.1	 Gross Features
				26.1.8.2	 Histological Features
			26.1.9 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				26.1.9.1	 High-Grade Conventional Chondrosarcoma
				26.1.9.2	 Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
				26.1.9.3	 Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma
				26.1.9.4	 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
				26.1.9.5	 Fibrosarcoma
			26.1.10 Ancillary Techniques
				26.1.10.1	 Immunohistochemistry
				26.1.10.2	 Genetics
			26.1.11 Prognosis
			26.1.12 Treatment
		26.2	 Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
			26.2.1 Definition
			26.2.2 Etiology
			26.2.3 Epidemiology
			26.2.4 Sites of Involvement
			26.2.5 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			26.2.6 Imaging Features
			26.2.7 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			26.2.8 Pathology
				26.2.8.1	 Gross Features
				26.2.8.2	 Histological Features
			26.2.9 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				26.2.9.1	 Ewing’s Sarcoma
				26.2.9.2	 Small-Cell Osteosarcoma
				26.2.9.3	 Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
			26.2.10 Ancillary Techniques
				26.2.10.1	 Immunohistochemistry
				26.2.10.2	 Genetics
			26.2.11 Prognosis
			26.2.12 Treatment
		26.3	 Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
			26.3.1 Definition
			26.3.2 Etiology
			26.3.3 Epidemiology
			26.3.4 Sites of Involvement
			26.3.5 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			26.3.6 Imaging Features
			26.3.7 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
				26.3.7.1	 Chondroblastoma
			26.3.8 Pathology
				26.3.8.1	 Gross Features
				26.3.8.2	 Histological Features
			26.3.9 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				26.3.9.1	 Chondroblastoma
				26.3.9.2	 Metastatic Clear Cell Carcinoma
			26.3.10 Ancillary Techniques
				26.3.10.1	 Immunohistochemistry
				26.3.10.2	 Electron Microscopy
				26.3.10.3	 Genetics
			26.3.11 Prognosis
			26.3.12 Treatment
		References
			Suggested Reading
Part IV: Giant Cell Tumor
	27: Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
		27.1	 Definition
		27.2	 Synonyms
		27.3	 Etiology
		27.4	 Epidemiology
		27.5	 Sites of Involvement
		27.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		27.7	 	 Image Diagnosis
			27.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			27.7.2	 CT Features
			27.7.3	 MRI Features
			27.7.4	 Image Differential Diagnosis
				27.7.4.1	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
				27.7.4.2	 Chondroblastoma
				27.7.4.3	 Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
				27.7.4.4	 Giant Cell-Rich Osteosarcoma and Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
				27.7.4.5	 Chordoma
		27.8	 Pathology
			27.8.1	 Gross Features (Figs. 27.11, 27.12, 27.13, 27.14, 27.15, 27.16 and 27.17)
			27.8.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 27.18, 27.19, 27.20, 27.21, 27.22, 27.23, 27.24, 27.25, 27.26, and 27.27)
			27.8.3	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
				27.8.3.1	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
				27.8.3.2	 Giant Cell-Rich Osteosarcoma and Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
				27.8.3.3	 Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
				27.8.3.4	 “Brown Tumor” of Hyperparathyroidism
				27.8.3.5	 Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma/Nonossifying Fibroma
				27.8.3.6	 Chondroblastoma
			27.8.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				27.8.4.1	 Immunohistochemistry
				27.8.4.2	 Cytogenetics
		27.9	 Prognosis
		27.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part V: Round Cell Tumors
	28: Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumors
		28.1	 Definition
		28.2	 Synonyms
		28.3	 Etiology
		28.4	 Epidemiology
		28.5	 Sites of Involvement
		28.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		28.7	 Imaging Features
			28.7.1 Radiographic Features
			28.7.2 CT Features
			28.7.3 MRI Features
			28.7.4 Bone Scan
		28.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			28.8.1 Osteosarcoma
			28.8.2 Osteomyelitis
			28.8.3 Metastasis
			28.8.4 Hemolymphoid Tumors (Lymphoma, Leukemia, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis)
		28.9	 Pathology
			28.9.1 Gross Features
			28.9.2 Histological Features
		28.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			28.10.1 Immunohistochemistry
			28.10.2 Ultrastructure
			28.10.3 Molecular Biology
		28.11	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			28.11.1 Small Cell Osteosarcoma
			28.11.2 CIC-Rearranged Sarcomas
			28.11.3 BCOR-Associated Sarcomas
			28.11.4 Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
			28.11.5 Bone Metastasis
			28.11.6 Undifferentiated Synovial Sarcoma
			28.11.7 Bone Lymphoma
			28.11.8 Rhabdomyosarcoma
			28.11.9 Neuroblastoma
			28.11.10 Bone Myoepithelial Carcinoma
			28.11.11 Bone Primary Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
			28.11.12 Differential Diagnoses to Consider Based on Clinical Features and Tumor Location of ESFT
		28.12	 Prognosis
		28.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	29: Lymphoma of Bone
		29.1	 Definition
		29.2	 Synonyms
		29.3	 Etiology
		29.4	 Epidemiology
		29.5	 Sites of Involvement
		29.6	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		29.7	 Imaging Features
			29.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			29.7.2	 CT, PET, and Bone Scan Findings
			29.7.3	 MRI Features
		29.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			29.8.1	 In Children
			29.8.2	 In Teens and Young Adults
			29.8.3	 In Adults
		29.9	 Pathology
			29.9.1	 Gross Features
			29.9.2	 Handling of Tissue
			29.9.3	 Histopathology
			29.9.4	 Cytological Findings
			29.9.5	 Ancillary Techniques
				29.9.5.1	 Immunohistochemical Findings
					Mature B-Cell Neoplasms (Most Common)
					Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
					Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
					Burkitt Lymphoma
					Hodgkin Lymphoma
				29.9.5.2	 Genetic Findings
			29.9.6	 Pathological Differential Diagnosis
				29.9.6.1	 In Children and Young Adults
				29.9.6.2	 In Adults
				29.9.6.3	 In Adults and Children
				29.9.6.4	 General Differential Diagnosis
		29.10	 Prognosis
		29.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	30: Myeloma
		30.1	 Definition
		30.2	 Synonyms
		30.3	 Etiology
		30.4	 Epidemiology
		30.5	 Sites of Involvement
		30.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		30.7	 Imaging Diagnosis
			30.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			30.7.2	 CT Features
			30.7.3	 MRI Features
		30.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			30.8.1	 Metastatic Carcinoma
			30.8.2	 Lymphoma
			30.8.3	 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		30.9	 Pathology
			30.9.1	 Gross Features
			30.9.2	 Histologic Features
			30.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				30.9.3.1	 Infections
				30.9.3.2	 Lymphoma and Leukemia
		30.10	 Prognosis
		30.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part VI: Fibrous Tumors
	31: Desmoplastic Fibroma of Bone
		31.1	 Definition
		31.2	 Synonyms
		31.3	 Etiology
		31.4	 Epidemiology
		31.5	 Sites of Involvement
		31.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		31.7	 Imaging Features
			31.7.1 Radiographic Features
			31.7.2 CT Features
			31.7.3 MRI Features
		31.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			31.8.1 Chondromyxoid Fibroma (CMF)
			31.8.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			31.8.3 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
			31.8.4 Fibrosarcoma of Bone
		31.9	 Pathology
			31.9.1 Gross Features
			31.9.2 Histological Features
		31.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			31.10.1 Fibrous Dysplasia
			31.10.2 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
			31.10.3 Fibrosarcoma of Bone
		31.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			31.11.1 Genetics
		31.12	 Prognosis
		31.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	32: Fibrosarcoma of Bone
		32.1	 Definition
		32.2	 Synonyms
		32.3	 Etiology
		32.4	 Epidemiology
		32.5	 Sites of Involvement
		32.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		32.7	 Imaging Features
			32.7.1 Radiographic and CT Features
		32.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			32.8.1 Fibroblastic Osteosarcoma and Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
			32.8.2 Desmoplastic Fibroma of Bone
			32.8.3 Malignant Lymphoma of Bone
			32.8.4 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)
		32.9	 Pathology
			32.9.1 Gross Features
			32.9.2 Histological Features
		32.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			32.10.1 Fibrous Dysplasia
			32.10.2 Fibroblastic Osteosarcoma
			32.10.3 Desmoplastic Fibroma of Bone
			32.10.4 Leiomyosarcoma of Bone
			32.10.5 Synovial Sarcoma, Monophasic
			32.10.6 Myxofibrosarcoma
			32.10.7 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma/MFH
		32.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			32.11.1 Genetics
		32.12	 Prognosis
		32.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part VII: Tumors of Undetermined Origin
	33: Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone
		33.1	 Definition
		33.2	 Synonyms
		33.3	 Etiology
		33.4	 Epidemiology
		33.5	 Sites of Involvement
		33.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		33.7	 Imaging Features
			33.7.1 Radiographic Features
			33.7.2 CT Features
			33.7.3 MRI Features
		33.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			33.8.1 Non-ossifying Fibroma
			33.8.2 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
			33.8.3 Chondromyxoid Fibroma
		33.9	 Pathology
			33.9.1 Gross Features
			33.9.2 Histological Features
		33.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			33.10.1 Non-ossifying Fibroma
			33.10.2 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
			33.10.3 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma/Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Spindle Cell Sarcoma
		33.11	 Prognosis
		33.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	34: Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
		34.1	 Definition
		34.2	 Synonyms
		34.3	 Etiology
		34.4	 Epidemiology
		34.5	 Sites of Involvement
		34.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		34.7	 Imaging Features
			34.7.1 Radiographic and CT Features
			34.7.2 MRI Features
			34.7.3 Bone Scan
		34.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			34.8.1 Osteosarcoma, in Young Patients
			34.8.2 All the following tumors may also present very similar imaging features when a single lesion is considered
		34.9	 Pathology
			34.9.1 Gross Features
			34.9.2 Histological Features
		34.10	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
			34.10.1 Osteosarcoma
			34.10.2 Fibrosarcoma, High-Grade
			34.10.3 Liposarcoma, Pleomorphic Type
			34.10.4 Leiomyosarcoma, High-Grade
			34.10.5 Metastatic Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
			34.10.6 Malignant Lymphoma with Fibrosis
			34.10.7 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
		34.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			34.11.1 Genetics
		34.12	 Prognosis
		34.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part VIII: Vascular Tumors
	35: Conventional Hemangioma and Lymphangioma
		35.1	 Definition
		35.2	 Variants
		35.3	 Etiology
		35.4	 Epidemiology
		35.5	 Sites of Involvement
		35.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		35.7	 Imaging Features
			35.7.1 Radiographic Features
			35.7.2 CT Features
			35.7.3 MRI Features
		35.8	 Pathology
			35.8.1 Gross Features
			35.8.2 Histological Features
		35.9	 Ancillary Techniques
			35.9.1 Immunohistochemistry
			35.9.2 Genetics
		35.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			35.10.1 Epithelioid Hemangioma
			35.10.2 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
		35.11	 Prognosis
		35.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	36: Epithelioid Hemangioma
		36.1	 Definition
		36.2	 Epidemiology
		36.3	 Sites of Involvement
		36.4	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		36.5	 Imaging Features
			36.5.1	 Radiographic Features
			36.5.2	 CT Features
			36.5.3	 MRI Features
		36.6	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			36.6.1	 Angiosarcoma and Hemangioendothelioma
			36.6.2	 Cystic Angiomatosis
		36.7	 Pathology
			36.7.1	 Gross Features
			36.7.2	 Microscopic Features
		36.8	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
			36.8.1	 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
			36.8.2	 Angiosarcoma
		36.9	 Ancillary Methods
			36.9.1	 Immunohistochemistry
			36.9.2	 Ultrastructure
			36.9.3	 Genetics
		36.10	 Prognosis
		36.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	37: Glomus Tumor
		37.1	 Definition
		37.2	 Synonyms
		37.3	 Variants
		37.4	 Etiology
		37.5	 Epidemiology
		37.6	 Sites of Involvement
		37.7	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		37.8	 Imaging Features
			37.8.1 Radiographic Features
			37.8.2 CT Features
			37.8.3 MRI Features
		37.9	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			37.9.1 Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst
			37.9.2 Enchondroma
			37.9.3 Metastasis, Myeloma, Lymphoma, or Osteoid Osteoma
		37.10	 Pathology
			37.10.1 Gross Features
			37.10.2 Histological Features
		37.11	 Ancillary Methods
			37.11.1 Immunohistochemistry
			37.11.2 Genetics
		37.12	 Prognosis
		37.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	38: Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
		38.1	 Definition
		38.2	 Epidemiology
		38.3	 Sites of Involvement
		38.4	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		38.5	 Imaging Features
			38.5.1	 Radiographic and CT Features (Figs. 38.1, 38.2, 38.3, 38.4, and 38.5)
			38.5.2	 MRI Features
		38.6	 Pathology
			38.6.1	 Gross Features
			38.6.2	 Microscopic Features
		38.7	 Ancillary Methods
			38.7.1	 Immunohistochemistry
			38.7.2	 Ultrastructure
			38.7.3	 Genetics
		38.8	 Differential Diagnosis
			38.8.1	 Epithelioid Hemangioma
			38.8.2	 Angiosarcoma
			38.8.3	 Metastatic Carcinoma
		38.9	 Prognosis
		38.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	39: Angiosarcoma
		39.1	 Definition
		39.2	 Synonyms
		39.3	 Etiology
		39.4	 Epidemiology
		39.5	 Sites of Involvement
		39.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		39.7	 Imaging Features
		39.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		39.9	 Pathology
			39.9.1 Gross Features
			39.9.2 Histopathological Features
		39.10	 Pathology Differential Diagnosis
			39.10.1 Epithelioid Hemangioma (EH) and Hemangioendothelioma (EHE)
			39.10.2 Metastatic Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
			39.10.3 Metastatic Melanoma
		39.11	 Ancillary Methods
			39.11.1 Immunohistochemistry
			39.11.2 Genetics
		39.12	 Prognosis
		39.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part IX: Adamantinoma
	40: Adamantinoma
		40.1	 Definition
		40.2	 Etiology
		40.3	 Clinical Features
			40.3.1	 Sites of Involvement
			40.3.2	 Epidemiology
			40.3.3	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		40.4	 Image Diagnosis
			40.4.1	 Radiologic Features
			40.4.2	 MRI Features
			40.4.3	 Image Differential Diagnosis
		40.5	 Pathology
			40.5.1	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		40.6	 Treatment and Prognosis
		Suggested Reading
Part X: Notochordal Tumors
	41: Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
		41.1	 Definition
		41.2	 Synonyms
		41.3	 Etiology
		41.4	 Epidemiology
		41.5	 Sites of Involvement
		41.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		41.7	 Imaging Features
			41.7.1 Radiographic Features
			41.7.2 CT Features
			41.7.3 MRI Features
			41.7.4 Bone Scan Features
		41.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			41.8.1 Chordoma
			41.8.2 Enchondroma
			41.8.3 Intraosseous Lipoma
			41.8.4 Osteonecrosis (Bone Infarct)
			41.8.5 Osteomyelitis
			41.8.6 Enostosis (Bone Island, Osteoma)
			41.8.7 Osteoid Osteoma
			41.8.8 Epidermoid Cyst, Dermoid Cyst, and Arachnoid Cyst
			41.8.9 Plasmacytoma
			41.8.10 Malignant Lymphoma
			41.8.11 Metastatic Carcinoma
		41.9	 Pathology
			41.9.1 Gross Features
			41.9.2 Histological Features
		41.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			41.10.1 Chordoma
			41.10.2 Intraosseous Lipoma
			41.10.3 Osteonecrosis (Bone Infarct)
		41.11	 Ancillary Methods
			41.11.1 Immunohistochemistry
			41.11.2 Genetics
		41.12	 Prognosis
		41.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	42: Chordoma
		42.1 Definition
		42.2 Etiology
		42.3 Epidemiology
		42.4 Sites of Involvement
		42.5 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		42.6 Imaging Features
			42.6.1 Radiographic Features (Figs. 42.1, 42.2, 42.3, 42.4, 42.5, 42.6, 42.7 and 42.8)
			42.6.2 CT Features
			42.6.3 MRI Features
			42.6.4 Bone Scan Features
		42.7 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			42.7.1 Giant Cell Tumor
			42.7.2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			42.7.3 Chondrosarcoma
			42.7.4 Metastatic Carcinoma
			42.7.5 Meningioma
		42.8 Pathology
			42.8.1 Gross Features
			42.8.2 Histological Features
		42.9 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			42.9.1 Benign Notochordal Tumor/Ecchordosis Physaliphora Spheno-Occipitalis
			42.9.2 Meningioma
			42.9.3 Myxopapillary Ependymoma
			42.9.4 Chondrosarcoma
			42.9.5 Giant Cell Tumor
			42.9.6 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			42.9.7 Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (“Chordoid Tumor”)
			42.9.8 Myoepithelioma/Myoepithelial Carcinoma/Mixed Tumor/Parachordoma
			42.9.9 Osteosarcoma
			42.9.10 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT)
			42.9.11 Metastatic Carcinoma
		42.10 Ancillary Techniques
			42.10.1 Immunohistochemistry
			42.10.2 Genetics
		42.11 Prognosis
		42.12 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XI: Leiomyosarcoma
	43: Leiomyosarcoma of Bone
		43.1	 Definition
		43.2	 Etiology
		43.3	 Epidemiology
		43.4	 Sites of Involvement
		43.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		43.6	 Imaging Features
			43.6.1 Radiographic Features
			43.6.2 CT and MRI Features
		43.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			43.7.1 Lymphoma of Bone
			43.7.2 Other Malignancies
		43.8	 Pathology
			43.8.1 Gross Features
			43.8.2 Histological Features
		43.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		43.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			43.10.1 Genetics
		43.11	 Prognosis
		43.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XII: Adipocytic Tumors
	44: Lipoma of Bone
		44.1	 Definition
		44.2	 Etiology
		44.3	 Epidemiology
		44.4	 Sites of Involvement
		44.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		44.6	 Imaging Features
			44.6.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 44.1, 44.2, 44.3, and 44.4)
			44.6.2	 CT and MRI Features
		44.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			44.7.1	 Chondromyxoid Fibroma
			44.7.2	 Bone Infarct
			44.7.3	 Enchondroma
			44.7.4	 Osteochondroma
			44.7.5	 Simple Bone Cyst
			44.7.6	 Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor
			44.7.7	 Osteoporosis
		44.8	 Pathology
			44.8.1	 Gross Features (Fig. 44.5)
			44.8.2	 Histological Features
		44.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			44.9.1	 Normal Fat Marrow
		44.10	 Genetics
		44.11	 Prognosis
		44.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	45: Liposarcoma of Bone
		45.1	 Definition
		45.2	 Etiology
		45.3	 Epidemiology
		45.4	 Sites of Involvement
		45.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		45.6	 Imaging Features
		45.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		45.8	 Pathology
			45.8.1	 Gross Features
			45.8.2	 Histological Features
		45.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			45.9.1	 Lipoma
		45.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			45.10.1	 Genetics
		45.11	 Prognosis
		45.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XIII: Neurogenic Tumors
	46: Schwannoma of Bone
		46.1	 Definition
		46.2	 Synonyms
		46.3	 Etiology
		46.4	 Epidemiology
		46.5	 Sites of Involvement
		46.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		46.7	 Imaging Features
		46.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		46.9	 Pathology
			46.9.1 Gross Features
			46.9.2 Histological Features
		46.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			46.10.1 Neurofibromatosis
			46.10.2 Malignancy
		46.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			46.11.1 Genetics
		46.12	 Prognosis
		46.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	47: Neurofibroma of Bone
		47.1	 Definition
		47.2	 Etiology
		47.3	 Epidemiology
		47.4	 Sites of Involvement
		47.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		47.6	 Imaging Features
		47.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		47.8	 Pathology
			47.8.1	 Gross Features
			47.8.2	 Histological Features
		47.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			47.9.1	 Schwannoma
			47.9.2	 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST)
		47.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			47.10.1 Genetics
		47.11	 Prognosis
		47.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XIV: Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor
	48: Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor
		48.1	 Definition
		48.2	 Etiology
		48.3	 Epidemiology
		48.4	 Sites of Involvement
		48.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		48.6	 Imaging Features
			48.6.1 Radiographic Features
			48.6.2 MRI Features
			48.6.3 Bone Scan
		48.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			48.7.1 Osteomalacia/Rickets-Related Differential Diagnosis
			48.7.2 Tumor-Related Differential Diagnosis
		48.8	 Pathology
			48.8.1 Gross Features
			48.8.2 Histological Features
		48.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			48.9.1 Primary Malignant Bone Sarcomas
		48.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			48.10.1 Genetics
		48.11	 Prognosis
		48.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XV: Metastatic Carcinoma Involving Bone
	49: Metastatic Bone Carcinoma
		49.1	 Definition
		49.2	 Etiology
		49.3	 Epidemiology
		49.4	 Sites of Involvement
		49.5	 Symptoms
		49.6	 Image Diagnosis
		49.7	 Pathology
			49.7.1	 Gross Features
			49.7.2	 Histologic Features
			49.7.3	 Pathological Differential Diagnosis
			49.7.4	 Ancillary Techniques
				49.7.4.1	 Genetics
		49.8	 Prognosis
		49.9	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XVI: Tumor-like Lesions and Other Conditions That Simulate Primary Bone Tumors
	50: Simple Bone Cyst
		50.1	 Definition
		50.2	 Synonyms
		50.3	 Etiology
		50.4	 Epidemiology
		50.5	 Sites of Involvement
		50.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		50.7	 Imaging Features
			50.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			50.7.2	 CT Features
			50.7.3	 MRI Features
			50.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		50.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			50.8.1	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
			50.8.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia
		50.9	 Pathology
			50.9.1	 Gross Features
			50.9.2	 Histological Features
		50.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			50.10.1	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			50.10.2	 Fibrous Dysplasia
		50.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			50.11.1	 Genetics
		50.12	 Prognosis
		50.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	51: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		51.1 Definition
			51.1.1 Variants
		51.2 Synonyms
		51.3 Etiology
		51.4 Epidemiology
		51.5 Sites of Involvement
		51.6 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		51.7 Imaging Features
			51.7.1 Radiographic Features
			51.7.2 CT Features
			51.7.3 MRI Features
			51.7.4 Bone Scan Features
		51.8 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			51.8.1 Simple Bone Cyst (SBC)
			51.8.2 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
			51.8.3 Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma (TOS)
			51.8.4 Osteoblastoma
			51.8.5 Hydatid Cyst of the Bone
		51.9 Pathology
			51.9.1 Gross Features
			51.9.2 Histological Features
		51.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			51.10.1 Simple Bone Cyst (SBC)
			51.10.2 Hydatid Cyst of the Bone
			51.10.3 Giant Cell Tumor
			51.10.4 Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma (TOS)
			51.10.5 Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma of the Hands and Feet (Giant Cell Tumor of Small Bones of the Hands and Feet, WHO 2013)
		51.11 Ancillary Techniques
			51.11.1 Genetics
		51.12 Prognosis
		51.13 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	52: Juxta-Articular Bone Cyst
		52.1	 Definition
		52.2	 Synonyms
		52.3	 Etiology
		52.4	 Epidemiology
		52.5	 Sites of Involvement
		52.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		52.7	 Imaging Features (Figs. 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 52.4, 52.5, 52.6, 52.7, 52.8, 52.9, 52.10, 52.11, 52.12, 52.13, 52.14, 52.15, 52.16, 52.17, 52.18, and 52.19)
			52.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			52.7.2	 CT Features
			52.7.3	 MRI Features
			52.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		52.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			52.8.1	 Chondroblastoma
			52.8.2	 Chondroma
			52.8.3	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			52.8.4	 Osteoarthritis
			52.8.5	 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
		52.9	 Pathology
			52.9.1	 Gross Features
			52.9.2	 Histological Features
		52.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			52.10.1	 Osteoarthritis Subchondral Pseudocyst
			52.10.2	 Chondromyxoid Fibroma (CMF)
			52.10.3	 Chondrosarcoma
		52.11	 Prognosis
		52.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	53: Epidermoid Bone Cyst
		53.1	 Definition
		53.2	 Synonyms
		53.3	 Etiology
		53.4	 Epidemiology
		53.5	 Sites of Involvement
		53.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		53.7	 Imaging Features
			53.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 53.4, and 53.5)
			53.7.2	 CT Features
			53.7.3	 MRI Features
		53.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			53.8.1	 Chondroma in the Phalanges
			53.8.2	 Intraosseous Glomus Tumor in the Phalanges
			53.8.3	 Eosinophilic Granuloma
			53.8.4	 Giant Cell Granuloma
			53.8.5	 Osteomyelitis
		53.9	 Pathology
			53.9.1	 Gross Features
			53.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 53.7, 53.8, and 53.9)
		53.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			53.10.1	 Enchondroma
			53.10.2	 Giant Cell Granuloma
		53.11	 Prognosis
		53.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	54: Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect
		54.1 Definition
		54.2 Synonyms
		54.3 Etiology
		54.4 Epidemiology
		54.5 Sites of Involvement
		54.6 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		54.7 Imaging Features
			54.7.1 Radiographic Features
			54.7.2 CT Features
			54.7.3 MRI Features
			54.7.4 Bone Scan Features
		54.8 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			54.8.1 Periosteal Desmoid
			54.8.2 Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
			54.8.3 Giant Cell Tumor
			54.8.4 Fibrous Dysplasia
			54.8.5 Simple Bone Cyst
		54.9 Pathology
			54.9.1 Gross Features
			54.9.2 Histological Features
		54.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			54.10.1 Periosteal Desmoid
			54.10.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			54.10.3 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
			54.10.4 Giant Cell Tumor
			54.10.5 Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			54.10.6 Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma (BFH)
			54.10.7 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
			54.10.8 Osteosarcoma
		54.11 Prognosis
		54.12 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	55: Periosteal Desmoid
		55.1	 Definition
		55.2	 Synonyms
		55.3	 Etiology
		55.4	 Epidemiology
		55.5	 Sites of Involvement
		55.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		55.7	 Imaging Features
			55.7.1 Radiographic, CT, and MRI Features
		55.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			55.8.1 Cortical Fibrous Defect
		55.9	 Pathology
			55.9.1 Gross Features
			55.9.2	 Histological Features
		55.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		55.11	 Prognosis
		55.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	56: Fibrous Dysplasia
		56.1	 Definition
		56.2	 Etiology
		56.3	 Epidemiology
		56.4	 Sites of Involvement
		56.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		56.6	 Imaging Features
			56.6.1 Radiographic Features (Figs. 56.1, 56.2, 56.3, 56.4, 56.5, 56.6, 56.7, 56.8, 56.9, 56.10, 56.11, 56.12, 56.13, 56.14, 56.15, 56.16, 56.17, 56.18, 56.19, 56.20, 56.21, 56.22, 56.23, 56.24, 56.25
			56.6.2 CT Features
			56.6.3 MRI Features
			56.6.4 Bone Scan Features
			56.6.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
		56.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			56.7.1 Periosteal Desmoid
			56.7.2 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
			56.7.3 Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
			56.7.4 Giant Cell Tumor
			56.7.5 Solitary Bone Cyst
			56.7.6 Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma
			56.7.7 Chondromyxoid Fibroma
			56.7.8 Eosinophilic Granuloma
			56.7.9 Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect (MFD)
			56.7.10 Desmoplastic Fibroma
			56.7.11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
			56.7.12 Well-Differentiated Intramedullary Osteosarcoma
		56.8	 Pathology
			56.8.1 Gross Features (see Figs. 56.7, 56.11, 56.25, 56.42, 56.43, 56.44, and 56.45)
			56.8.2 Histological Features (Figs. 56.32, 56.33, 56.34, 56.35, 56.36, 56.37, 56.38, 56.39, 56.40, 56.41, 56.42, 56.43, 56.44, and 56.45)
		56.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			56.9.1 Osteofibrous Dysplasia (OFD)
			56.9.2 Ossifying/Cementifying Fibroma (OCF)
			56.9.3 Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect (MFD)
			56.9.4 Desmoplastic Fibroma
			56.9.5 Chondrosarcoma
			56.9.6 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
			56.9.7 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
			56.9.8 Meningioma in the Skull Base
			56.9.9 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
			56.9.10 Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			56.9.11 Fibromyxoma of Bone
			56.9.12 Paget’s Disease
		56.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			56.10.1 Genetics
		56.11	 Prognosis
		56.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	57: Osteofibrous Dysplasia
		57.1	 Definition
		57.2	 Etiology
		57.3	 Epidemiology
		57.4	 Sites of Involvement
		57.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		57.6	 Imaging Features
			57.6.1 Radiographic Features
			57.6.2 MRI Features
			57.6.3 Bone Scan Features
		57.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			57.7.1 Adamantinoma
			57.7.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
		57.8	 Pathology
			57.8.1 Gross Features
			57.8.2 Histological Features (Figs. 57.5, 57.6, and 57.7)
		57.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			57.9.1 Adamantinoma
			57.9.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
		57.10	 Ancillary Techniques
			57.10.1 Genetic Findings
		57.11	 Prognosis
		57.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	58: Myositis Ossificans
		58.1 Definition
		58.2 Synonym
		58.3 Etiology
		58.4 Epidemiology
		58.5 Sites
		58.6 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		58.7 Imaging Features
			58.7.1 Radiographic Features
			58.7.2	 CT Features
			58.7.3	 MRI Features
			58.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		58.8 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			58.8.1 Osteochondroma
			58.8.2	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		58.9 Pathology
			58.9.1 Gross Features
			58.9.2	 Histological Features
		58.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		58.11 Ancillary Techniques
			58.11.1	 Genetics
		58.12 Prognosis
		58.13 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	59: Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
		59.1 Definition
		59.2 Synonyms
		59.3 Etiology
		59.4 Epidemiology
		59.5 Sites of Involvement
		59.6 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		59.7 Imaging Features
			59.7.1 Radiographic Features (Figs. 59.1, 59.2, 59.3, and 59.4)
			59.7.2 CT Features
			59.7.3 MRI Features
		59.8 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			59.8.1 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
			59.8.2 Enchondroma
			59.8.3 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
		59.9 Pathology
			59.9.1 Gross Features
			59.9.2 Histological Features (Figs. 59.5 and 59.6)
		59.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			59.10.1 Brown Tumor of Hyperparathyroidism
			59.10.2 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
			59.10.3 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC), Solid Variant
			59.10.4 Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect
			59.10.5 Fracture Callus
			59.10.6 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)
			59.10.7 Osteosarcoma
		59.11 Ancillary Techniques
			59.11.1 Genetics
		59.12 Prognosis
		59.13 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	60: Central Giant Cell Granuloma of the Jaws
		60.1	 Definition
		60.2	 Synonyms
		60.3	 Clinical Features
			60.3.1	 Etiology
		60.4	 Epidemiology
			60.4.1	 Sex
			60.4.2	 Age
			60.4.3	 Sites of Involvement
			60.4.4	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			60.4.5	 Image Diagnosis
		60.5	 Pathology
			60.5.1	 Histopathological Features
		60.6	 Prognosis
		60.7	 Treatment
	61: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		61.1	 Definition
		61.2	 Synonyms
		61.3	 Etiology
		61.4	 Epidemiology
		61.5	 Sites of Involvement
		61.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		61.7	 Imaging Features
			61.7.1 Radiographic and CT Features
			61.7.2 MRI Features
		61.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			61.8.1 Ewing Sarcoma
			61.8.2 Cystic Angiomatosis
			61.8.3 Multiple Myeloma
			61.8.4 Metastatic Carcinoma
			61.8.5 Primary Lymphoma of the Bone
			61.8.6 Osteomyelitis
		61.9	 Pathology
			61.9.1 Gross Features
			61.9.2 Microscopic Features
		61.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			61.10.1 Giant Cell Tumor
			61.10.2 Osteomyelitis
			61.10.3 Lymphoma
			61.10.4 Hodgkin’s Disease (HD)
			61.10.5 Indeterminate Cell Histiocytosis (ICH)
		61.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			61.11.1 Immunohistochemistry
			61.11.2 Ultrastructure
			61.11.3 Genetics
		61.12	 Prognosis
		61.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	62: “Brown Tumor” of Hyperparathyroidism
		62.1	 Definition
		62.2	 Synonyms
		62.3	 Etiology
		62.4	 Epidemiology
		62.5	 Sites of Involvement
		62.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		62.7	 Imaging Features
			62.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 62.1, 62.2, 62.3, 62.4, 62.5, and 62.6)
			62.7.2	 CT Features
			62.7.3	 MRI Features
			62.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		62.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			62.8.1	 Giant Cell Tumor
			62.8.2	 Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
			62.8.3	 Metastatic Carcinoma
		62.9	 Pathology
			62.9.1	 Gross Features
			62.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 62.7, 62.8, 62.9, 62.10, 62.11, and 62.12)
		62.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			62.10.1	 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
			62.10.2	 Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
			62.10.3	 Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
		62.11	 Prognosis
		62.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	63: Avulsion Injury
		63.1	 Definition
		63.2	 Synonyms
		63.3	 Etiology
		63.4	 Epidemiology
		63.5	 Sites of Involvement
		63.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		63.7	 Imaging Features
			63.7.1 Radiographic and CT Features
			63.7.2	 Bone Scan Features
		63.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			63.8.1 Bone-Forming Benign and Malignant Neoplasms (e.g., Surface Osteosarcoma)
		63.9	 Pathology
			63.9.1 Gross Features
			63.9.2	 Histological Features
		63.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			63.10.1 Osteosarcoma
		63.11	 Prognosis
		63.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	64: Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
		64.1	 Definition
		64.2	 Synonym
		64.3	 Etiology
		64.4	 Epidemiology
		64.5	 Sites of Involvement
		64.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		64.7	 Imaging Features
			64.7.1 Radiographic and CT Features (Figs. 64.1, 64.2, 64.3, 64.4, and 64.5)
			64.7.2 MRI Features
		64.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			64.8.1 Osteochondroma
			64.8.2 Myositis Ossificans, Mature Lesions
			64.8.3 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		64.9	 Pathology
			64.9.1 Gross Features (See Figs 64.1b and 64.5c)
			64.9.2 Histological Features (Figs. 64.6, 64.7, 64.8, 64.9, 64.10, and 64.11)
		64.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			64.10.1 Myositis Ossificans, Mature Lesions
			64.10.2 Osteochondroma, Sessile Type
			64.10.3 Subungual Osteogenic Melanoma
			64.10.4 Chondrosarcoma
			64.10.5 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		64.11	 Genetics
		64.12	 Prognosis
		64.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	65: Fibro-Osseous Pseudotumor of Digits
		65.1	 Definition
		65.2	 Synonyms
		65.3	 Epidemiology
		65.4	 Sites of Involvement
		65.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		65.6	 Imaging Features
			65.6.1	 Radiographic and CT Features
			65.6.2	 MRI Features
			65.6.3	 Bone Scan Features
		65.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			65.7.1	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		65.8	 Pathology
			65.8.1	 Gross Features
			65.8.2	 Histological Features
		65.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			65.9.1	 Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
			65.9.2	 Parosteal Osteosarcoma
		65.10	 Prognosis
		65.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	66: Subungueal Exostosis
		66.1	 Definition
		66.2	 Etiology
		66.3	 Epidemiology
		66.4	 Sites of Involvement
		66.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		66.6	 Imaging Features
			66.6.1	 Radiographic Features
		66.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			66.7.1	 Osteochondroma
			66.7.2	 Myositis Ossificans: Mature Lesions
		66.8	 Pathology
			66.8.1	 Gross Features
			66.8.2	 Histological Features
		66.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			66.9.1	 Myositis Ossificans: Mature Lesions
			66.9.2	 Osteochondroma: Sessile Type
			66.9.3	 Subungual Osteogenic Melanoma
			66.9.4	 Chondrosarcoma
		66.10	 Genetics
		66.11	 Prognosis
		66.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	67: Stress Fracture
		67.1	 Definition
		67.2	 Synonyms
		67.3	 Etiology
		67.4	 Epidemiology
		67.5	 Sites of Involvement
		67.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		67.7	 Imaging Features
			67.7.1 Radiographic Features (Figs. 67.1, 67.2, 67.3, 67.4 and 67.5)
			67.7.2	 CT Features
			67.7.3	 MRI Features
			67.7.4	 Bone Scan Features
		67.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			67.8.1	 Osteosarcoma
			67.8.2	 Round Cell Malignancies (Ewing’s Sarcoma)
			67.8.3	 Metastatic Carcinoma
		67.9	 Pathology
			67.9.1 Gross Features
			67.9.2	 Histological Features (Figs. 67.6 and 67.7)
		67.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			67.10.1 Osteosarcoma
		67.11	 Prognosis
		67.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	68: Bone Infarct
		68.1	 Definition
		68.2	 Synonyms
		68.3	 Etiology
		68.4	 Sites of Involvement
		68.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		68.6	 Imaging Features
			68.6.1	 Radiographic and CT Features (Figs. 68.1, 68.2, 68.3, 68.4, 68.5, 68.6, 68.7, and 68.8)
			68.6.2	 MRI Features (Figs. 68.1, 68.4, 68.5, 68.6, and 68.7)
			68.6.3	 Bone Scan Features
		68.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			68.7.1	 Chondroid Neoplasm
			68.7.2	 Sarcomatous Change
			68.7.3	 Intraosseous Lipoma
		68.8	 Pathology
			68.8.1	 Gross Features
			68.8.2	 Histological Features (Fig. 68.9, 68.10, 68.11, and 68.12)
		68.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			68.9.1	 Over-Decalcification
			68.9.2	 Intraosseous Lipoma
			68.9.3	 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
		68.10	 Prognosis
		68.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	69: Paget’s Disease of Bone, and Sarcoma Complicating Paget’s Disease
		69.1	 Definition
		69.2	 Synonyms
		69.3	 Etiology
		69.4	 Epidemiology
		69.5	 Sites of Involvement
		69.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		69.7	 Imaging Features
			69.7.1 Radiographic Features (Figs. 69.1, 69.2, 69.3, 69.4, 69.5, 69.6, 69.7, 69.8, 69.9, 69.10, 69.11, 69.12, 69.13, 69.14, 69.15, 69.16, 69.17, 69.19, 69.20, 69.21, and 69.22)
			69.7.2 CT Features
			69.7.3 MRI Features
			69.7.4 Bone Scan Features (see Fig. 69.17b)
		69.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			69.8.1 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
			69.8.2 Lymphoma of Bone
			69.8.3 Vertebral Hemangioma
			69.8.4 Other Differential Diagnoses
		69.9	 Pathology
			69.9.1 Gross Features
			69.9.2 Histological Features (see Fig. 69.18)
		69.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			69.10.1 Fibrous Dysplasia
			69.10.2 Osteofibrous Dysplasia (OFD)
			69.10.3 Hyperparathyroidism
			69.10.4 Chronic Osteomyelitis
			69.10.5 Metastatic Carcinoma
		69.11	 Ancillary Techniques
		69.12	 Prognosis
		69.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	70: Gaucher Disease
		70.1	 Definition
		70.2	 Synonyms
		70.3	 Etiology
		70.4	 Epidemiology
		70.5	 Sites of Involvement
		70.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		70.7	 Imaging Features
			70.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			70.7.2	 MRI Features
		70.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			70.8.1	 Niemann-Pick Disease
			70.8.2	 Thalassemia
			70.8.3	 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
			70.8.4	 Hurler Syndrome
			70.8.5	 Morquio Syndrome
			70.8.6	 Myeloma
		70.9	 Pathology
			70.9.1	 Gross Features
			70.9.2	 Histological Features
			70.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		70.10	 Ancillary Techniques: Genetics
		70.11	 Prognosis
		70.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	71: Gout
		71.1	 Definition
		71.2	 Synonyms
		71.3	 Etiology
		71.4	 Epidemiology
		71.5	 Sites of Involvement
		71.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		71.7	 Imaging Features
			71.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			71.7.2	 CT Features
			71.7.3	 MRI Features
		71.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			71.8.1	 Infectious Arthritis
			71.8.2	 Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Arthritis)
			71.8.3	 Rheumatoid Arthritis
		71.9	 Pathology
			71.9.1	 Gross Features
			71.9.2	 Histological Features
			71.9.3	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		71.10	 Prognosis
		71.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	72: Osteomyelitis
		72.1	 Definition
		72.2	 Synonyms
		72.3	 Etiology
		72.4	 Epidemiology
		72.5	 Sites of Involvement
		72.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		72.7	 Imaging Features
			72.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			72.7.2	 Bone Scan
			72.7.3	 CT Features
			72.7.4	 MRI Features
		72.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			72.8.1	 Fractures
			72.8.2	 Tumors
			72.8.3	 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		72.9	 Pathology
			72.9.1	 Pathophysiology
			72.9.2	 Gross Features
			72.9.3	 Histological Features
			72.9.4	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		72.10	 Prognosis
		72.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	73: Amyloidosis in Bone
		73.1	 Definition
		73.2	 Etiology
		73.3	 Clinical Features of Amyloidosis in Patients with Plasma Cell Dyscrasia
			73.3.1	 Epidemiology
		73.4	 Clinical Features
			73.4.1	 Sites of Involvement
			73.4.2	 Epidemiology
			73.4.3	 Radiographic Features
		73.5	 Image Differential Diagnosis
			73.5.1	 Metastatic Carcinoma
			73.5.2	 Myeloma
		73.6	 Pathology
			73.6.1	 Histologic Features
			73.6.2	 Treatment and Prognosis
		73.7	 Clinical Features of Amyloidosis in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
			73.7.1	 Epidemiology
			73.7.2	 Sites of Involvement
		73.8	 Image Diagnosis
			73.8.1	 Radiographic Features
			73.8.2	 MRI Features
			73.8.3	 Image Differential Diagnosis
			73.8.4	 Pathologic Features
		73.9	 Treatment and Prognosis
		Suggested Reading
	74: Mastocytosis
		74.1	 Definition
		74.2	 General Features
			74.2.1	 Classification (WHO 2017)
		74.3	 Synonyms
		74.4	 Etiology
		74.5	 Epidemiology
		74.6	 Sites of Involvement
		74.7	 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
			74.7.1	 Hematologic Findings
			74.7.2	 Bone Complications and Skeletal Manifestations of Systemic Mastocytosis
		74.8	 Image Diagnosis
			74.8.1	 CT Features
			74.8.2	 MRI Features
			74.8.3	 Bone Scan
			74.8.4	 Image Differential Diagnosis
		74.9	 Pathology
			74.9.1	 Gross Features
			74.9.2	 Histological Features
			74.9.3	 Ancillary Techniques
				74.9.3.1	 Immunohistochemical Findings
				74.9.3.2	 Genetics
				74.9.3.3	 Criteria for Diagnosis of Systemic Mastocytosis
			74.9.4	 Pathological Differential Diagnosis
				74.9.4.1	 Disseminated Lymphoproliferative Disorders
				74.9.4.2	 Reactive Mast Cell Hyperplasia
				74.9.4.3	 Monocytic or Histiocytic Proliferation
		74.10	 Prognosis
		74.11	 Treatment
		Further Reading
	75: Erdheim-Chester Disease
		75.1	 Definition
		75.2	 Synonyms
		75.3	 Etiology
		75.4	 Clinical Features
			75.4.1	 Epidemiology
			75.4.2	 Sites of Involvement
			75.4.3	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		75.5	 Image Diagnosis
			75.5.1	 Radiographic Features
		75.6	 Image Differential Diagnosis
		75.7	 Pathology
			75.7.1	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		Suggested Reading
	76: Rosai-Dorfman Disease
		76.1	 Definition
		76.2	 Synonyms
		76.3	 Clinical Features
			76.3.1 Epidemiology
			76.3.2 Sites of Involvement
			76.3.3 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		76.4	 Image Diagnosis
			76.4.1 Radiographic Features
			76.4.2 Image Differential Diagnosis
		76.5	 Pathology
			76.5.1 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		76.6	 Treatment and Prognosis
		Suggested Reading
	77: Transient Osteoporosis
		77.1	 Definition
		77.2	 Synonyms
		77.3	 Etiology
		77.4	 Clinical Features
			77.4.1 Sites of Involvement
			77.4.2 Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		77.5	 Image Diagnosis
			77.5.1 Radiologic Features
		77.6	 Image Differential Diagnosis
			77.6.1 Diffuse Permeative Neoplastic Disorder
			77.6.2 Osteonecrosis
		77.7	 Pathologic Features
		77.8	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			77.8.1 Stress Fracture
			77.8.2 Osteonecrosis
		77.9	 Prognosis
		77.10	 Treatment
		77.11	 Images
		Suggested Reading
	78: Traumatic Osteolysis
		78.1 Definition
		78.2 Synonyms
		78.3 Etiology
		78.4 Clinical Features
			78.4.1 Epidemiology
			78.4.2 Sites of Involvement
		78.5 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		78.6 Image Diagnosis
			78.6.1 Radiographic Features
			78.6.2 MRI Features
		78.7 Image Differential Diagnosis
			78.7.1 Osteonecrosis
			78.7.2 Infection
		78.8 Neoplastic Destruction of Bone
		78.9 Pathology
			78.9.1 Histologic Features
		78.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			78.10.1 Primary Osteonecrosis
			78.10.2 Infection
		78.11 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	79: Chest Wall Hamartoma
		79.1 Definition
		79.2 Synonyms
		79.3 Etiology
		79.4 Epidemiology
		79.5 Sites of Involvement
		79.6 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		79.7 Imaging Features
			79.7.1 Radiographic Features
			79.7.2 CT and MRI Features
		79.8 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			79.8.1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
			79.8.2 Chondrosarcoma
			79.8.3 Osteosarcoma
		79.9 Pathology
			79.9.1 Gross Features
			79.9.2 Histological Features
		79.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			79.10.1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		79.11 Genetics
		79.12 Prognosis
		79.13 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
Part XVII: Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Joints
	80: Synovial Chondroma
		80.1	 Definition
		80.2	 Synonyms
		80.3	 Etiology
		80.4	 Epidemiology
		80.5	 Sites of Involvement
		80.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		80.7	 Imaging Features
			80.7.1	 Radiographic and CT Features
			80.7.2	 MRI Features
		80.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			80.8.1	 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
		80.9	 Pathology
			80.9.1	 Gross Features
			80.9.2	 Histological Features
		80.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			80.10.1 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
		80.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			80.11.1 Genetics
		80.12	 Prognosis
		80.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	81: Chondrosarcoma of the Synovium
		81.1	 Definition
		81.2	 Synonyms
		81.3	 Etiology
		81.4	 Epidemiology
		81.5	 Sites of Involvement
		81.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		81.7	 Imaging Features
		81.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		81.9	 Pathology
			81.9.1	 Gross Features
			81.9.2	 Histologic Features
		81.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		81.11	 Ancillary Methods
		81.12	 Prognosis
		81.13	 Treatment
		References
	82: Synovial Chondromatosis
		82.1	 Definition
		82.2	 Synonyms
		82.3	 Etiology
		82.4	 Epidemiology
		82.5	 Sites of Involvement
		82.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		82.7	 Imaging Features
			82.7.1	 Radiographic Features (Figs. 82.1, 82.2, 82.3, 82.4, 82.5, 82.6, 82.7, 82.8, 82.9 and 82.10)
			82.7.2	 CT Features
			82.7.3	 MRI Features
		82.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			82.8.1	 Degenerative Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Osteoarthritis, Neuropathic Joint Disease, Osteochondritis Dissecans
		82.9	 Pathology
			82.9.1	 Gross Features
			82.9.2	 Histological Features
		82.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			82.10.1	 Rheumatoid Arthritis
			82.10.2	 Degenerative Osteoarthritis, Traumatic Arthritis, Neuropathic Joint Disease, Osteochondritis Dissecans
			82.10.3	 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
		82.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			82.11.1	 Genetics
		82.12	 Prognosis
		82.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	83: Synovial Lipoma
		83.1	 Definition
		83.2	 Etiology
		83.3	 Epidemiology
		83.4	 Sites of Involvement
		83.5	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		83.6	 Imaging Features
			83.6.1	 Radiographic Features
			83.6.2	 CT Features
			83.6.3	 MRI Features
		83.7	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
			83.7.1	 Liposarcoma
		83.8	 Pathology
			83.8.1	 Gross Features
			83.8.2	 Histological Features
		83.9	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			83.9.1	 Hoffa’s Disease
		83.10	 Prognosis
		83.11	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	84: Synovial Lipomatosis
		84.1	 Definition
		84.2	 Synonyms
		84.3	 Etiology
		84.4	 Epidemiology
		84.5	 Sites of Involvement
		84.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		84.7	 Imaging Features
			84.7.1	 Radiography and CT Features
			84.7.2	 MRI Features
		84.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		84.9	 Pathology
			84.9.1	 Gross Features
			84.9.2	 Histological Features
		84.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
		84.11	 Prognosis
		84.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	85: Synovial Vascular Tumors
		85.1	 Definition
		85.2	 Synonyms
		85.3	 Etiology
		85.4	 Epidemiology
		85.5	 Sites of Involvement
		85.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		85.7	 Imaging Features
			85.7.1	 Radiographic Features
			85.7.2	 MRI Features
		85.8	 Pathology
			85.8.1	 Gross Features
			85.8.2	 Histological Features
		85.9	 Differential Diagnosis
			85.9.1	 Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor (Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis, PVNS)
			85.9.2	 Lipoma Arborescens
			85.9.3	 Ganglion Cyst
		85.10	 Ancillary Techniques
		85.11	 Prognosis
		85.12	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	86: Synovial Sarcoma
		86.1	 Definition
		86.2	 Synonyms
		86.3	 Etiology
		86.4	 Epidemiology
		86.5	 Sites of Involvement
		86.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		86.7	 Imaging Features
			86.7.1	 Radiography and CT Features
			86.7.2	 MRI Features
		86.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
		86.9	 Pathology
			86.9.1	 Gross Features (See Figs. 86.1d, 86.8c and 86.11a, b)
			86.9.2	 Histological Features
		86.10	 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
			86.10.1 Biphasic SS
			86.10.2 Monophasic Fibrous SS
			86.10.3 Poorly Differentiated SS
			86.10.4 Monophasic Epithelial SS
		86.11	 Ancillary Techniques
			86.11.1 Immunohistochemistry (See Figs. 86.9c, 86.13 and 86.18)
			86.11.2 Genetics
			86.11.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
		86.12	 Prognosis
		86.13	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	87: Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath: Localized and Diffuse Types
		87.1	 Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Localized Type
			87.1.1	 Definition
			87.1.2	 Synonyms
			87.1.3	 Etiology
			87.1.4	 Epidemiology
			87.1.5	 Sites of Involvement
			87.1.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			87.1.7	 Imaging Features
				87.1.7.1	 Radiographic Features
				87.1.7.2	 CT Features
				87.1.7.3	 MRI Features
			87.1.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
				87.1.8.1	 Diffuse Type of Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
			87.1.9	 Pathology
				87.1.9.1	 Gross Features
				87.1.9.2	 Histological Features
			87.1.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				87.1.10.1 Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Diffuse Type
			87.1.11 Ancillary Techniques: Genetics
			87.1.12 Prognosis
			87.1.13 Treatment
		87.2	 Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Diffuse Type
			87.2.1	 Definition
			87.2.2	 Synonyms
			87.2.3	 Etiology
			87.2.4	 Epidemiology
			87.2.5	 Sites of Involvement
			87.2.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
			87.2.7	 Imaging Features
				87.2.7.1	 Radiographic Features
				87.2.7.2	 CT Features
				87.2.7.3	 MRI Features
			87.2.8	 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
				87.2.8.1	 Degenerative Subchondral Cysts; Juxta-Articular Bone Cyst
			87.2.9	 Pathology
				87.2.9.1	 Gross Features
				87.2.9.2	 Histological Features
			87.2.10 Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
				87.2.10.1 Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Localized Type
				87.2.10.2 Hemorrhagic Synovitis
			87.2.11 Ancillary Techniques: Genetics
			87.2.12 Prognosis
			87.2.13 Treatment
		Suggested Reading
	88: Hoffa’s Disease
		88.1	 Definition
		88.2	 Synonyms
		88.3	 Etiology
		88.4	 Epidemiology
		88.5	 Sites of Involvement
		88.6	 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
		88.7	 Imaging Features
			88.7.1	 Radiographic and CT Features
			88.7.2	 MRI Features
		88.8	 Pathology
			88.8.1	 Gross Features
			88.8.2	 Histological Features
		88.9	 Prognosis
		88.10	 Treatment
		Suggested Reading