Tuberculosis

Historical background......Page 9
Tuberculosis resurgence......Page 10
After the tuberculosis resurgence, 1993-2003......Page 11
Foreign-born tuberculosis patients......Page 12
Drug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 15
Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection......Page 16
Development of new tools......Page 17
References......Page 18
Genetic Susceptibility to Tuberculosis......Page 22
Evidence showing the importance of host genetics in tuberculosis susceptibility......Page 23
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein......Page 24
Interferon gamma signaling pathway......Page 26
Other candidate genes......Page 28
References......Page 31
Tuberculosis case notifications and reported deaths......Page 36
Estimated tuberculosis cases and deaths......Page 39
HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 40
Tuberculosis cases......Page 41
Drug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 44
New cases......Page 45
Previously treated cases......Page 46
Treatment success......Page 47
Approaches needed to accelerate progress in global tuberculosis control......Page 48
Summary......Page 49
References......Page 50
Issues in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 52
Optimal duration of therapy......Page 53
Challenges of using antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis therapy......Page 55
Overlapping adverse event profiles......Page 56
Drug-drug interactions......Page 57
Immune reconstitution inflammatory events......Page 58
Summary of issues involved in the use of combination antiretroviral therapy......Page 59
References......Page 61
Genotyping methods and methodologic considerations......Page 64
Infectiousness of patients......Page 66
Exogenous reinfection and mixed infection......Page 67
Contact and outbreak investigations......Page 69
Measuring the performance of a tuberculosis control program......Page 71
References......Page 73
New Drugs for Tuberculosis: Current Status and Future Prospects......Page 79
Rifapentine: the search for widely spaced intermittent treatment......Page 80
Moxifloxacin: the next treatment-shortening drug?......Page 83
Nitroimidazopyrans (PA-824)......Page 85
Macrolides......Page 87
SQ109......Page 88
References......Page 90
The Diagnosis of Tuberculosis......Page 93
The tuberculin skin test......Page 94
Beyond the tuberculin skin test......Page 97
Tests for tuberculosis disease......Page 100
Sputum induction......Page 101
The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy......Page 102
Cultures......Page 103
Nucleic acid amplification assays......Page 104
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis......Page 106
Phage amplification......Page 107
References......Page 108
Political and administrative commitment......Page 118
Standardized short-course chemotherapy given in a program of directly observed treatment......Page 119
Adequate supply of good-quality drugs......Page 120
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 121
HIV......Page 122
References......Page 123
The Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development......Page 127
Selected lead compounds in the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development portfolio......Page 128
Objective 4: ensure affordability, adoption, and access......Page 130
Global product development public-private partnerships......Page 131
Future directions for the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development......Page 132
References......Page 133
Genetic resources to study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 134
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms......Page 135
Genomic deletions and the origin and evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 137
Geographic, chronologic, and ecologic origins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 138
What is being deleted from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex?......Page 139
Summary of catalogued deletions......Page 140
References......Page 141
Axioms of chemotherapy of tuberculosis......Page 144
Pharmacology and toxicity of antimycobacterial agents......Page 145
Rifamycins......Page 146
Fluoroquinolones......Page 147
Treatment guidelines......Page 148
Special situations......Page 150
References......Page 151
Indications for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection......Page 154
Regimens to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection......Page 155
HIV-seronegative persons......Page 157
Hepatitis C virus and isoniazid-associated hepatotoxicity......Page 159
HIV-seronegative persons......Page 160
Effectiveness......Page 161
HIV-seropositive persons......Page 162
Low treatment-completion rates......Page 163
References......Page 164
Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis......Page 168
Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection and progression to tuberculosis disease......Page 170
Pathogenesis......Page 171
Pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 172
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis......Page 173
Maternal tuberculosis and impact on infants......Page 175
Case definitions for tuberculosis disease......Page 176
Tuberculin skin testing......Page 178
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease......Page 179
Toxicities of first-line tuberculosis drugs......Page 181
Public health aspects of pediatric tuberculosis......Page 182
References......Page 183
Tuberculosis......Page 186
References......Page 187