Tryptophan : biochemical and health implications

8568fm......Page 1
TRYPTOPHAN: Biochemical and Health Implications......Page 4
Series Preface......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Author......Page 8
Dedication and Acknowledgments......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
1.1 Historical Perspectives......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.2.1 Occurrence and Requirements......Page 12
1.2.2 Synthesis......Page 13
1.2.3 Chemistry......Page 14
References......Page 15
2.1 Introduction......Page 19
2.2.1.4 Pancreas......Page 20
2.2.2.1.2 Protein......Page 21
2.2.2.2 Pancreas......Page 22
2.3 Differences in Methods of Induction of Tryptophan Deficiency......Page 23
2.4 Concluding Comments......Page 24
References......Page 25
3.1 Biochemical Genetics of Tryptophan Synthesis......Page 29
3.2 Biochemical Genetics of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase......Page 30
3.3.1 Species Differences......Page 32
3.3.2 Strain Differences......Page 33
References......Page 34
CONTENTS......Page 37
4.2 Chemical Pathways......Page 38
4.2.1.1 Degradative Enzymes......Page 39
4.2.1.2 Induction of Enzymes (Primarily in Liver)......Page 40
4.3.1 Significance of Tryptophan in Proteins......Page 41
4.3.2 Protein Synthesis......Page 42
4.3.2.1 Regulatory Role of Tryptophan......Page 43
4.3.2.2 Considerations of Mechanisms Involved......Page 44
4.3.3 Tryptophan Binding to Serum Protein......Page 53
4.3.4 Tryptophan Binding to Cellular Organelles of Liver......Page 54
4.3.4.1 Nuclear Binding......Page 56
4.3.4.1.1 Vital Areas in Tryptophan Molecule......Page 57
4.4.1 Blood Protein......Page 60
4.4.2.1.1 Alanine......Page 61
4.4.2.2.1 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)......Page 62
4.4.3.1 Extent of Binding of Tryptophan to Serum Albumin......Page 64
4.4.3.4 Importance of the Three Factors......Page 65
References......Page 66
CONTENTS......Page 79
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 80
5.1.3 Abnormal......Page 81
5.1.3.1 HIV Infection......Page 82
5.1.3.3.1 Hartnup Disease......Page 83
5.1.3.3.5 Exercise......Page 84
5.1.4.2.1 Rats......Page 85
5.1.4.3.1 Rabbits......Page 86
5.2.2.1 Broiler Chicks......Page 87
5.2.2.3 Terrestial Slug Limax Maximus......Page 88
5.2.3.3 Growth Hormone and Prolactin......Page 89
5.2.4 Relationships between Hormones and Tryptophan in Regard to Protein Synthesis......Page 90
5.2.6 Concluding Comments......Page 91
References......Page 92
CONTENTS......Page 98
6.2.1.2 Dietary Deprivation of Tryptophan......Page 101
6.2.1.3 Effect of an Excess of Tryptophan......Page 102
6.2.1.4 Brain Development (Prenatal and Postnatal)......Page 104
6.2.2.1 Tryptophan Deficiency......Page 105
6.2.3 Effects on Piglets......Page 106
6.2.4 Summary......Page 107
6.3.1.2.1 Blood......Page 108
6.3.1.3 Tryptophan Metabolism with Aging......Page 109
6.3.1.4.3 Tryptophan and Regulation of Hormone Receptors in Liver......Page 110
6.3.1.5 Rationale for Considering Tryptophan in Relation to Aging......Page 111
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 112
6.4.2.2 Consideration of the Possible Action of Ethanol via Changes in Circulatory Amino Acids......Page 113
6.4.2.3 Comparing Mechanisms by which Tryptophan and Ethanol Act on Nucleocytoplasmic Translocation of mRNA in the Liver......Page 114
6.4.3.1.2 Human Studies......Page 115
6.4.4 Summary......Page 116
6.5.1.1 Rat Models of Hypertension......Page 117
6.5.1.2 Human Studies......Page 118
6.5.1.3 Comments Regarding Mechanism......Page 119
6.5.2.2 Studies with L-Tryptophan......Page 120
6.6.1 Acute Toxic Liver Injury......Page 122
6.6.1.1 CCl4......Page 123
6.6.1.2 Ethionine......Page 124
6.6.1.5 Cycloheximide......Page 125
6.6.1.6 Hypertonic NaCl......Page 126
6.6.1.9 Lead Acetate and Selected Metal Salts......Page 127
6.6.1.13 Choline Deficiency......Page 128
6.6.1.15 Concluding Remarks......Page 130
6.6.2 Chronic Toxic Liver Injury......Page 131
6.6.3.3 Metyrapone......Page 133
6.6.3.4 Valproic Acid......Page 134
6.7.2 Experimental Studies on Tryptophan and Carcinogenesis......Page 135
6.7.2.1.1 Tryptophan and Tumorigenesis......Page 136
6.7.2.1.2 Tryptophan Metabolites or Related Compounds and Tumorigenesis......Page 138
6.7.2.1.3 Tryptophan Pyrolysis Compounds and Bladder Tumors......Page 139
6.7.2.2.1 Tryptophan and Tumorigenesis......Page 140
6.7.2.2.2 Tryptophan Pyrolysis Compounds and Tumorigenesis......Page 142
6.7.2.3.1 Tryptophan and Tumorigenesis......Page 143
6.7.2.5.1 Tryptophan as a Stimulatory Agent......Page 144
6.7.2.5.2 Tryptophan as an Inhibitory Agent......Page 145
6.7.2.6.1 Liver Cancer......Page 146
6.7.2.6.2 Relating Tryptophan’s Effects on Cellular Regulatory Controls to Carcinogenesis......Page 148
6.7.2.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 149
6.8 Immunomodular Effects: Interferon and Tryptophan......Page 150
References......Page 152
CONTENTS......Page 172
7.1.1 Rationale for Utilization of Acute Tryptophan Depletion to Decrease Circulating Tryptophan Levels......Page 173
7.1.2.1 Human Studies......Page 174
7.1.2.1.1 Mood Disorders (General)......Page 175
7.1.2.1.2 Specific Conditions......Page 177
7.1.2.2.3 Rat–Mouse Aggressive Behavior......Page 181
7.2 Liver and Hepatic Coma......Page 182
7.3.1 Brain......Page 185
7.3.3 Kidney......Page 186
7.3.8 Conclusion......Page 187
References......Page 188
8.1 Introduction......Page 197
8.2.1 Pain......Page 198
8.2.2 Sleep and Insomnia......Page 200
8.2.3 Feeding Behavior and Bulimia......Page 201
8.2.4 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)......Page 202
8.2.5 Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit Disorder......Page 203
8.2.6 Fatigue......Page 204
8.3.1 L-Tryptophan......Page 206
8.3.2 Indoles and Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid......Page 207
8.4.2 Specific Remarks......Page 208
References......Page 209
9.1 Humans......Page 216
9.2.1.1 LD50......Page 217
9.2.1.3 Fatty liver......Page 218
9.2.2 Mice and Rabbits......Page 219
9.2.6 Species Differences......Page 220
9.3.2 Toxicology of Carbolines......Page 221
9.4 Conclusions......Page 222
References......Page 223
10.1 Introduction......Page 226
10.2 Serotonin......Page 227
10.3 Melatonin......Page 228
10.3.1.5 Antioxidant and Radical Scavengers......Page 229
References......Page 230
CONTENTS......Page 232
11.1 Introduction......Page 233
11.2.1.1 1,1’-Ethylidenebis(Tryptophan) (EBT)......Page 234
11.2.1.4 Other Contaminants......Page 235
11.4 Clinical Features of Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome......Page 236
11.5 Pathology......Page 237
11.5.3 Muscles and Nerves......Page 238
11.7 Pathophysiology of EMS......Page 239
11.8.1 Dose......Page 240
11.8.4 Concurrent Use of Other Medications......Page 241
11.9 Possible Relationship between Eosiniophilia Myalgia Syndrome and Toxic Oil Syndrome......Page 242
11.10.1 In Vivo Studies......Page 243
11.10.2.1 In Vitro 3H-Tryptophan Binding Assay with Nuclei and Nuclear Envelopes......Page 244
11.10.3.1 EBT......Page 245
11.10.4.2 PAA......Page 246
11.11 Overview......Page 247
11.11.1.2 Altered Xenobiotic Metabolism......Page 248
11.11.4 Intake of Other Medications and Interaction with Ingested Drugs......Page 249
References......Page 250
12.1 The Past......Page 258
12.3 Conclusion......Page 262