Tropical Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology)

1581fm.pdf......Page 1
Tropical Agroecosystems......Page 3
The Editor......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
THE SCOPE OF TROPICAL AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 0
IN THE SPIRIT OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL APPROACH......Page 10
A New Green Revolution: The Contour Pathway......Page 11
Ecological Knowledge and a Gentle, Thought-Intensive Technology......Page 13
A FOCUS ON THE TROPICS......Page 14
HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 17
CONTENTS......Page 18
INTRODUCTION......Page 19
INTERFERENCE......Page 23
Intraspecific Interference in Monocrops......Page 24
Evaluating Intraspecific and Interspecific Interference Effects in Two-Species Stands......Page 26
Interference, Coexistence, and Overyielding in a Two-Species Stand: The Competitive Production Principle Revisited......Page 27
Studying Competitive Interactions in Many Species Stands......Page 30
ALLELOPATHY......Page 31
FACILITATION......Page 33
Direct Facilitation......Page 34
Indirect Facilitation......Page 35
THE INTERPLAY OF PLANT INTERACTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS: SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE......Page 36
Interference in Productivity Gradients......Page 38
PLANT INTERACTIONS AND SYSTEM DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT......Page 46
Frequency of Land-Use Rotation......Page 47
Intercropping Intensity......Page 50
Crops Associated with Service Plants......Page 52
Full Intercrops......Page 53
The Percentage of Tree Canopy Cover in the Field......Page 54
CONCLUSIONS......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
CONTENTS......Page 66
Climate and Biogeography......Page 67
Agronomic Characterization......Page 69
Historical Pest Control Approaches......Page 71
IPM in Mesoamerica......Page 73
IPM and the Paradigm of Sustainability......Page 75
IPM as an Interdisciplinary Approach......Page 76
Decision Criteria in IPM......Page 77
IPM Implementation......Page 79
IPM and the Agrichemical Industry......Page 81
IPM and Biodiversity......Page 83
IPM and Genetically Modified Crops......Page 85
IPM and Novel Models for Crop Production......Page 88
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 91
CONTENTS......Page 101
INTRODUCTION......Page 102
AM Fungi......Page 103
Improved Uptake of Nutrients and Water......Page 104
Soil Aggregation......Page 106
Defense against Root Pathogens......Page 107
QUANTITY VS. QUALITY OF MYCORRHIZAE: THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY COMPOSITION......Page 108
Rapid and Extensive Production of Extraradical Mycelium......Page 110
Ability to Suppress Nonhost Weeds......Page 111
The Role of AM Fungus Diversity......Page 112
Agricultural Effects on the AM Fungus Community......Page 114
Soil Tillage......Page 115
Fertilizers......Page 117
Cropping Strategies......Page 120
Pesticides......Page 121
Transgenic Crops......Page 122
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS AN AGRICULTURAL INPUT: INOCULATION......Page 123
Producing and Applying Inoculum......Page 124
Results from Field-Scale Inoculation......Page 126
Host Crops Are Responsive to Inoculation at the Relevant Soil Fertility......Page 127
Caveats for Commercial-Scale Inoculation......Page 128
CONCLUSION......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
INTRODUCTION: DOMESTICATING TREES OR THE FOREST?......Page 139
RUBBER AGROFORESTS ARE HISTORICALLY DERIVED FROM CROP-FALLOW ROTATIONS......Page 142
JUNGLE RUBBER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN JAMBI......Page 143
BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS: SPECIES USED, SPECIES TOLERATED......Page 146
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: RUBBER AGROFORESTS AS LAST RESERVOIR OF LOWLAND FOREST SPECIES......Page 147
FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS’ CHOICE OF RUBBER REJUVENATION METHOD......Page 150
ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS OF IRRAS VS. CRAS......Page 151
Factors Influencing Survival and Growth of Rubber Seedlings......Page 152
Weeding and Pig Damage......Page 153
INTRODUCING GENETICALLY IMPROVED CLONAL RUBBER TO THE JUNGLE RUBBER SYSTEM......Page 155
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH......Page 158
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
CONTENTS......Page 164
Economic Importance of Coffee......Page 165
The 2001 Coffee Crisis......Page 166
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN SHADE COFFEE......Page 167
Birds and Other Vertebrates......Page 168
Arthropods......Page 172
Impact of Coffee Technification on Birds......Page 173
Arthropods and Coffee Technification......Page 175
THE FUNCTION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE REGULATION OF HERBIVORES......Page 179
Impact of Birds on Coffee Arthropods......Page 180
Impact of Ants on Other Coffee Arthropods......Page 182
Impact of Spiders on Other Coffee Arthropods......Page 183
COFFEE AGROFORESTS AS A HIGH-QUALITY AGRICULTURAL MATRIX......Page 184
Organic Coffee......Page 187
Shade Coffee......Page 188
Rainforest Alliance’s Eco-OK Label......Page 189
Striking a Balance between Conservation and Economic Goals......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 192
INTRODUCTION......Page 200
WIDESPREAD CHANGE IN CROPPING AREA......Page 202
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES......Page 205
Subsistence Cropping Systems......Page 206
The Question of the Small Farm......Page 207
Agroforestry Systems......Page 208
TRADITIONAL AGROEXPORT CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 209
Coffee......Page 210
Cacao......Page 211
Bananas......Page 212
IRRIGATION, NONTRADITIONAL, AND TEMPERATE CROP LANDSCAPES IN THE TROPICS......Page 213
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, SEEDS: QUINTESSENTIAL NONTRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS (NTAEs)......Page 215
CONCEPTUALIZING THE PROCESS......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 219
INTRODUCTION......Page 224
History of Livestock–Wildlife Interactions......Page 226
TYPES OF INTERACTIONS AND IMPACTS......Page 227
Genetic Interactions between Wildlife and Domestic Animals......Page 228
Competition......Page 231
Predation......Page 232
Exchange of Pathogens and Parasites between Wildlife and Livestock......Page 233
Pathogen Life History Characteristics and Mechanisms of Transmission......Page 234
The Dynamics of Pathogens Shared between Wild and Domestic Hosts......Page 237
General Approaches to Improving Wildlife and Livestock Health......Page 240
Factors Governing Livestock–Wildlife Interactions......Page 241
Potential Resolutions: Adaptive Management and Mixed Herding Regimes......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 244
CONTENTS......Page 250
PATHWAYS OF AGRICULTURE EFFECTS ON HEALTH......Page 251
Agricultural Production and Potable Water......Page 252
International Trade and Food-Borne Pathogens......Page 253
ENVIRONMENTAL LINKS TO INFECTIOUS DISEASE DYNAMICS......Page 254
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND EMERGING DISEASES......Page 255
Changing Water Patterns......Page 257
Expansion into Forests......Page 258
Resistance to Treatment......Page 259
Malaria......Page 260
Schistosomiasis......Page 261
Rift Valley Fever......Page 262
Analysis of Agriculture Change and Disease Risk......Page 263
Cross-Disciplinary Inquiry......Page 264
Understanding New Technologies......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 266