Tribological properties of ceramics and composites : a materials science perspective

TRIBOLOGY OF CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES: A Materials Science Perspective......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 19
FOREWORD BY PROF. IAN HUTCHINGS......Page 23
FOREWORD BY PROF. KARL-HEINZ ZUM GAHR......Page 25
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 27
SECTION I: FUNDAMENTALS......Page 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 36
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 37
2.2 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS......Page 38
2.3 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS......Page 39
2.4 APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS......Page 41
2.5 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 46
3.1 THEORY OF BRITTLE FRACTURE......Page 48
3.2 CRACKING IN BRITTLE MATERIALS......Page 53
3.3.1 Hardness......Page 54
3.3.2 Compressive Strength......Page 57
3.3.3 Flexural Strength......Page 58
3.3.4 Elastic Modulus......Page 60
3.3.5 Fracture Toughness......Page 61
3.4 TOUGHENING MECHANISMS......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 67
4.1 SURFACE ROUGHNESS......Page 69
4.2 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND ASPERITIES......Page 71
4.3 REAL CONTACT AREA......Page 72
4.4 CONTACT LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND HERTZIAN STRESSES......Page 74
4.5 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
5.2 LAWS OF FRICTION......Page 79
5.3 FRICTION MECHANISMS......Page 81
5.4 FRICTION OF COMMON ENGINEERING MATERIALS......Page 84
5.5 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
6.1 TRIBOLOGICAL PROCESS AND CONTACT TEMPERATURE......Page 90
6.2 CONCEPT OF “BULK” AND “FLASH” TEMPERATURE......Page 91
6.3 IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF SOME READY-TO-USE ANALYTICAL MODELS......Page 93
6.4 REVIEW OF SOME FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED READY-TO-USE MODELS......Page 94
6.4.2 Model Descriptions and Implications......Page 95
6.4.2.1 Archard Model......Page 96
6.4.2.2 Kong–Ashby Model......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 100
7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 102
7.2.1 Adhesive Wear......Page 103
7.2.2 Abrasive Wear......Page 105
7.2.2.1 Abrasion of Composites......Page 107
7.2.3 Fatigue Wear......Page 108
7.2.4 Oxidation and Tribochemical Wear......Page 110
7.2.5 Fretting Wear......Page 111
7.2.5.1 Fretting Modes......Page 112
7.2.5.2 Mechanics of Elastic Contacts under Fretting Conditions......Page 114
7.2.5.4 Fretting Regimes......Page 116
7.2.5.6 Fretting Maps......Page 119
7.2.5.7 Velocity Accommodation in Fretting......Page 121
7.2.6 Solid Particle Erosion......Page 122
7.2.6.1 Erosion of Ductile Materials......Page 124
7.2.6.2 Erosion of Brittle Materials......Page 126
7.3 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 129
8.1 LUBRICATION REGIMES......Page 131
8.2 STRIBECK CURVE......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 139
SECTION II: FRICTION AND WEAR OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS......Page 141
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 143
9.2 ZIRCONIA CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND TRANSFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA......Page 144
9.3.1 Micromechanical Modeling......Page 146
9.4 STABILIZATION OF TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA......Page 147
9.5 DIFFERENT FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING......Page 148
9.5.1 Grain Size......Page 149
9.5.2 Yttria Content......Page 151
9.5.3 Yttria Distribution......Page 152
9.6 STRESS-INDUCED MICROCRACKING......Page 155
9.7 DEVELOPMENT OF SIALON CERAMICS......Page 156
9.8 MICROSTRUCTURE OF S-SIALON CERAMICS......Page 157
9.10 PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM DIBORIDE CERAMICS......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 168
10.1 BACKGROUND......Page 172
10.2 WEAR RESISTANCE......Page 174
10.3 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WORN SURFACES......Page 176
10.4 ZIRCONIA PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND WEAR BEHAVIOR......Page 179
10.5 WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 182
10.6 RELATIONSHIP AMONG MICROSTRUCTURE, TOUGHNESS, AND WEAR......Page 184
10.7 INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF-MATED ZIRCONIA......Page 186
10.8 WEAR MECHANISMS IN DIFERENT HUMIDITY......Page 187
10.9 TRIBOCHEMICAL WEAR IN HIGH HUMIDITY......Page 190
10.10 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 194
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 197
11.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 198
11.3 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITIONALLY TAILORED SIALON VERSUS β-SIALON......Page 202
11.4 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF S-SIALON CERAMIC......Page 209
11.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
12.1 BACKGROUND......Page 215
12.3 WEAR RESISTANCE AND WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 218
12.4 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS......Page 220
12.5 TRANSITION IN WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 223
12.6 SUMMARY......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 227
13.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 228
13.3.1 Friction and Wear......Page 230
13.3.2 Wear and Dissipated Energy......Page 232
13.3.3 Wear and Abrasion Parameter......Page 233
13.4 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TiB2–TiSi2 CERAMICS......Page 234
13.5 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 238
SECTION III: FRICTION AND WEAR OF BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES......Page 241
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 243
14.2.1 Biomaterials......Page 245
14.2.3 Host Response......Page 246
14.3 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY......Page 247
14.4 WEAR OF IMPLANTS......Page 251
14.5 COATING ON METALS......Page 253
14.6 GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 254
14.7.2 Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials......Page 256
14.8 OUTLOOK......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 263
15.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 265
15.3 FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOR......Page 267
15.4 WEAR-RESISTANCE PROPERTIES......Page 270
15.5 WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 272
15.6 CORRELATION AMONG WEAR RESISTANCE, WEAR MECHANISMS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES, AND CONTACT PRESSURE......Page 277
15.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 281
16.2.1 Preparation of Human Tooth Material......Page 284
16.4 PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 285
16.5 WEAR EXPERIMENTS ON GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 286
16.6 MICROSTRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF HUMAN TOOTH MATERIAL......Page 287
16.7.1 Friction Behavior......Page 290
16.8 WEAR PROPERTIES OF GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 292
16.9 DISCUSSION OF WEAR MECHANISMS OF GLASS-CERAMICS......Page 296
16.10 COMPARISON WITH EXISTING GLASS-CERAMIC MATERIALS......Page 301
16.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 304
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 306
17.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 307
17.4 WEAR RESISTANCE AND WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 308
17.5 WEAR DEBRIS ANALYSIS AND TRIBOCHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 312
17.6 INFLUENCE OF GLASS INFILTRATION ON WEAR PROPERTIES......Page 313
17.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
18.1 BACKGROUND......Page 317
18.3 FRICTION AND WEAR RATE......Page 318
18.3.1 Effect of Simulated-Body-Fluid Medium on Wear of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite......Page 319
18.3.3 Frictional Behavior......Page 323
18.3.4 Wear Micromechanisms of Hydroxyapatite-Based Materials in Simulated Body Fluid......Page 326
18.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 332
SECTION IV: FRICTION AND WEAR OF NANOCERAMICS......Page 335
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 337
19.3 OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPED NANOCERAMICS AND CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 339
19.3.1 Monolithic Nanoceramics......Page 341
19.3.2 Alumina-Based Nanocomposites......Page 343
19.3.3 Tungsten Carbide-Based Nanocomposites......Page 344
19.3.4 Zirconia-Based Nanocomposites......Page 347
19.4 OVERVIEW OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 348
19.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 352
20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 355
20.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 357
20.3 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 359
20.4 TRIBOMECHANICAL WEAR OF YTTRIA-STABILIZEDZIRCONIA NANOCERAMIC WITH VARYING YTTRIA DOPANT......Page 360
20.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 366
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 368
21.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 369
21.3 FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS......Page 370
21.4 WEAR MECHANISMS......Page 375
21.5 EXPLANATION OF HIGH WEAR RESISTANCE OF CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 379
SECTION V: LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITES AND CERMETS......Page 381
22.1 DEVELOPMENT OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES......Page 383
22.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CERMETS......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 388
23.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 392
23.3 LOAD-DEPENDENT FRICTION AND WEAR PROPERTIES......Page 393
23.4 FRETTING-DURATION-DEPENDENT TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 396
23.5 TRIBOCHEMICAL WEAR OF MAGNESIUM–SILICON CARBIDE PARTICULATE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES......Page 401
23.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
24.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 407
24.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 409
24.3 ENERGY DISSIPATION AND ABRASION AT LOW LOAD......Page 411
24.4 INFLUENCE OF TYPE OF SECONDARY CARBIDES ON SLIDING WEAR OF TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE–NICKEL CERMETS......Page 416
24.5.1 Evolution of Tribochemistry and Contact Temperature......Page 417
24.6 INFLUENCE OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE CONTENT ON LOAD-DEPENDENT SLIDING WEAR PROPERTIES......Page 423
24.7 HIGH TEMPERATURE WEAR OF TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE–NICKEL CERMETS......Page 427
24.7.1 Wear Mechanisms......Page 428
24.7.2 Discussion of High-Temperature Oxidation and Its Relation to Material Removal......Page 431
24.7.3 Thermal Oxidation......Page 432
24.8 SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS......Page 433
REFERENCES......Page 434
25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 437
25.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 438
25.3 MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 439
25.4 WEAR PROPERTIES......Page 440
25.5 CORRELATION BETWEEN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WEAR RESISTANCE......Page 443
25.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 449
SECTION VI: FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS IN A CRYOG ENICENVIRONMENT......Page 451
26.1 BACKGROUND......Page 453
26.2 DESIGNING A HIGH-SPEED CRYOGENIC WEAR TESTER......Page 455
26.3.1 Self-Mated Steel......Page 457
26.3.2 Titanium/Steel Couple......Page 460
26.3.3 Copper/Steel Sliding System......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 467
27.1 BACKGROUND......Page 469
27.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 470
27.3 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF-MATED ALUMINA......Page 472
27.4.1 Friction of Self-Mated Alumina in LN2......Page 479
27.4.2 Brittle Fracture and Wear of Self-Mated Alumina in LN2......Page 480
REFERENCES......Page 482
28.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 484
28.3 FRICTION OF SELF-MATED Y-TZP MATERIAL IN LN2......Page 486
28.4 CRYOGENIC WEAR OF ZIRCONIA......Page 489
28.5 CRYOGENIC SLIDING-INDUCED ZIRCONIA PHASE TRANSFORMATION......Page 490
28.6 WEAR MECHANISMS OF ZIRCONIA IN LN2......Page 494
28.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 497
29.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 499
29.3 FRICTION AND WEAR PROPERTIES......Page 500
29.4 THERMAL ASPECT AND LIMITED TRIBOCHEMICAL WEAR......Page 503
29.5 TRIBOMECHANICAL STRESS-ASSISTED DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE......Page 509
29.6 COMPARISON WITH SLIDING WEAR PROPERTIES OF OXIDE CERAMICS......Page 511
29.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 512
REFERENCES......Page 513
SECTION VII: WATER-LUBRICATED WEAR OF CERAMICS......Page 515
30.1 BACKGROUND......Page 517
30.2 TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINA IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION......Page 518
30.2.1 Electrochemical Properties and Wear Characterization of Self-Mated Alumina......Page 521
30.2.2 Surface Roughness and Frictional Behavior......Page 522
30.3 TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SELF-MATED ZIRCONIA IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT......Page 523
30.3.1 Zirconia Transformation and Wear......Page 527
30.3.2 Electrochemical Aspect of Wear......Page 528
30.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 529
REFERENCES......Page 530
SECTION VIII: CLOSURE......Page 533
CHAPTER 31: PERSPECTIVE FOR DESIGNING MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 535
INDEX......Page 539