Trends in Personalized Nutrition

Trends in Personalized Nutrition
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
1 An Introduction to Personalized Nutrition
	Introduction
		What, How, and Why
		Where It Comes From?
		Strategies to Deliver Personalized Dietary Advice
	Biological Variability: From Genomics to Systems Biology
		Genes
		Gut Microbiota
		Foodomics
		Other “Omics” Repertoires and Systems Biology Approaches
	Role of Behavior, Limitations, and Ethical Issues
	Future Perspectives
		From Knowledge to Practice
		“Omic” Technologies
		Big Data and Machine Learning
		What Is Needed for the Future?
	References
2 Guidelines to Evaluate the Scientific Validity for Genotype-Based Dietary Advice
	Introduction
	Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
	How Should We Assess the Evidence in Nutrigenetics?
	What Needs to be Assessed?
	Utility and Randomized Controlled Trials
		Randomized Clinical Trials
		Primary Prevention in High-Risk Groups
		Secondary Prevention in Subjects with Pathology
	Conclusions
	Where are We Today About Validating Personal Nutrition?
	To Summarize—Some Components of a Personalized Nutrition
	Appendix
		The Global Nutrigenetics Knowledge Network Guidelines (from the Food4Me Project)
	Framework for Evidence Assessment
	Scientific Validity Assessment of a Putative Gene×Diet Interaction
		Convincing
		Probable
		Possible
		Not Demonstrated
	References
3 Personalized Nutrition by Predicting Glycemic Responses
	Introduction
	Current Methods for Glucose Response Prediction
		Meal Carbohydrate Content
		Glycemic Index
		Fiber Content
		Physical Activity
	Variability in Glucose Responses
	Method
		Search Strategy
		Selection Process and Data Extraction
	Results
		Personalized Nutrition
		Gut Microbiota
		Eating Behavior
		Phenotype
		Genotype
		Physical Activity
	Conclusions
	References
4 The Role of Bacteria in Personalized Nutrition
	Introduction
		The Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome Establishment
			How Has Evolution Shaped and Protected the Continuity of the GI Tract Microbial Ecology Within the Human Host?
			How Do Bacteria Adapt so Quickly?
			What Are Probiotics?
			Importance of a GI Tract Symbiotic Microbiome for Micronutrients
			Importance of a GI Tract Symbiotic Microbiome for the Immune System
		Why is Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota Detrimental to General Health?
			Dysbiosis in IBS
			Oral Biofilm Dysbiosis and Brain Health
			Importance of Symbiotic Oral/Gut Biofilms for Normal Brain Function
			Dysbiosis in Depressive Mental Health Disorders
			Dysbiosis in Other Mental Health Disorders
			Microbial Intervention
			What are Prebiotics?
			Management of Subgingival Microbiome via Diet to Protect the Brain
			Management of IBS via Diet
			Management of Mental Health via Diet
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusions on the Role of Bacteria in Personalized Nutrition
	References
	Further Reading
5 Cognitive Dissonance in Food and Nutrition
	Introduction
		Dietary Choices and the Attitude–Behavior Link
	Cognitive Dissonance Theory in Food and Nutrition
		CDT and Health/Nutrition Messages About Food
		CDT and Changing Food Attitudes/Behaviors
		Need for Unified Cognitive Dissonance Theorization in Food and Nutrition
	The Food Cognition Dissonance (FCD) Conceptual Framework
		Using the FCD Conceptual Framework in Research—Construct Instrumentation
		Using the FCD Conceptual Framework in Public Health and Nutrition Research—Illustration(s)
	Locating Cognitive Dissonance (and Its Role) in the Overall Scheme of Food and Nutrition Research
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
6 Trends, Insights, and Approaches to Diet and Obesity
	General Concepts
	Diagnosis Criteria
	Epidemiology
	Causes
		Genetic Factors
		Psychological Factors
		Dietary Factors
			Nutrients, Foods, and Beverages
			Dietary Patterns
		Sedentarism and Physical Activity
		Sleep Habits
		Factors Associated With Obesity: Sociodemographic Factors
	Associated Comorbidities
	Prevention Obesity Strategies
		Environmental Factors
		Behavioral Strategies
		Support of Health Services and Clinical Interventions
	Future Approaches
	Obesity Treatment
		Obesity Treatment Objectives
		Specific Treatment Components
			Dietary Advice
			Physical Activity
			Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
			Pharmacological Support
			Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
	Conclusion
	References
7 Personalized Nutrition for Women, Infants, and Children
	Introduction
	Personalized Nutrition for Women: Maternal and Adolescent Nutrition
		Introduction
		Global and Regional Epidemiology of Maternal Malnutrition
		Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy and Preconception
		Complications of Inadequate Nutrient Intake During Pregnancy and Preconception
		Personalized Interventions to Promote Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy
	Personalized Nutrition for Infants and Children
		Introduction
		Child Nutritional Status (Undernutrition and Overweight)
		Factors Affecting the Nutrition Status of Children
		Factors Influencing Child Feeding Practices in Urban Poor Settings (Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding)
		Personalized Nutrition Interventions to Address Child Undernutrition
			Promotion of Optimal Breastfeeding
			Complementary Feeding and Micronutrient Supplementation
	Economic and Social Returns on Investments of Personalized Nutrition Interventions for Women, Infants, and Children
	Impending Implementation Research of Personalized Nutrition Programs for Women, Infants, and Children in LMICs
		Human Milk Banking
		Workplace Support for Breastfeeding
	Conclusion
	References
8 Modern Technologies for Personalized Nutrition
	Introduction
		What Might Smart Personalized Nutrition Look Like?
	Modern Technologies and Food Acquisition
		Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Food Selection
		Smart Kitchen Appliances and Intelligent Automated Food Ordering
	Modern Technologies, Nutrition, and Health
		The Rise of eHealth and mHealth
		Nutritional Phenotyping
		Connected Medical Devices
	Modern Technologies and Food Intake
		Inferential Approach
		Direct Approach
	Modern Technologies and Energy Expenditure (Exercise)
		Wearable Technology: Activity Trackers and Smart Watches
	Modern Technologies and Food Preparation
		Assistive Kitchens
		Automated Food Preparation
		3-D Printed Food
	Modern Technologies and Food Composition
		Labeling
		Intelligent Packaging
		Sensing and Analysis
		Allergens and Other Undesirables
	Bringing It All Together
		The Intelligent Kitchen and Its Role in Personalized Nutrition
		Food Service and Management of Personalized Nutrition
		The eHealth and mHealth Environment—Toward a Personal Virtual Dietitian
		The Artificial Intelligence Engine That Drives Personalized Nutrition
		A Potential Architecture of a Personalized Nutrition System
	Areas That Need to be Addressed
		Privacy and Security
		Food Monitoring
		Reliability and Consistency of Smartphone Apps
		Nutritional Values and Bioaccessibility
	Future Perspective
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
9 Consumer Acceptance of Personalized Nutrition
	Introduction
	Concept, Areas, and Applications of Personalized Nutrition
	Consumer Judgment of Personalized Nutrition and Nutrigenomics
	Factors Influencing the Consumer Acceptance of Personalized Nutrition
		Consumer Doubts About the Protection of Personal Data and Information (Privacy Risk)
		Nature of Personalized Nutrition Advice
		Availability and Reliability of Information
		Interrelationships Between Genes and Nutrition
		Demographic Factors
		Being Personally Affected
		Prevention of Diseases
		Health Conscious Lifestyle
		Consumers’ Information Processing
		Convenience Function and Time Factor
		Costs
		The Nature of Different Foods
	Comprehensive Models of Factors Influencing the Consumer Acceptance of Genetic-Based Personalized Nutrition
	Consumer Acceptance of Personalized Nutrition in Central Europe: The Case of Hungary
	The Future of Personalized Nutrition
	References
10 Personalized Nutrition: Making It Happen
	Current Evidence, What it Means and How Reliable is It?
		What is Personalized Nutrition?
		Personalized Nutrition in Practice—Does It Work?
		How Firm is the Science-Base for Personalized Nutrition?
	What Does the Consumer Want From Personalized Nutrition?
		What are the Consumer-Perceived Barriers to Uptake of Personalized Nutrition?
		Who Should Deliver Personalized Nutrition?
	Implementation of Personalized Nutrition in Practice: Implications for Nutrition/Health Professionals
		What Can We Learn From Dietitians Who Have Already Adopted Personalized Nutrition?
		What are the Challenges Faced by Nutrition Professionals in Acquiring the Skills Necessary to Bring Personalized Nutrition ...
		What is Needed to Widen Access to Personalized Nutrition in the Future?
	Conclusions
	References
11 Personalized Nutrition Education to the Adherence to Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations
	Health and Nutrition Education Challenges
	Current Dietary and Physical Activity Guidelines
		Nutrition Recommendations
		Dietary Guidelines
		Physical Activity Recommendations
	Determinants of Food Choice
		Individual Determinants
		Environment Determinants
		Socioeconomics Determinants
		Mass Media and Food Advertising
	Personalized Nutrition Education Interventions
	Effectiveness of Personalized Nutrition Education Intervention
		Specific and Practical Approach
		Determinants of Dietary Behavior Change
			Nutrition Knowledge and Food Literacy
			Psychosocial Influences as Determinants of Action and Behavior Change
		Theory-Based Interventions
		Levels of Influence in the Food Choice and Dietary Behavior
		Use of Appropriate Behavior Change Strategies
			Motivation to Change
			Action Plan for Dietary Behavior Change
			Environmental Support to Achieve Behavior Changes
	Methodology for Personalized Nutrition Education
		Nutrition Care Process Applied to Personalized Nutrition Education
			Nutrition Assessment
			Nutritional Diagnosis
			Nutrition Intervention
			Monitoring and Evaluation
		Effective Interview in the Nutrition Consultation
		Motivational Interviewing
		Nutrition Educator Profile
	Nutrition Education DESIGN Procedure in the Personalized Nutrition Education
		Step 1. Decide Behaviors
		Step 2. Explore Determinants of Change
		Step 3. Select Theory and Clarify Philosophy
		Step 4. Indicate General Objectives
		Step 5. Generate Action Plans
		Step 6. Nail Down Evaluation Plan
	Other Aspects to Take into Account in Personalized Nutritional Education
	Conclusion
	References
12 Personalized Expert Recommendation Systems for Optimized Nutrition
	Introduction
	Nutrients and Genes Correlation Data
	Scalable Food Categorization
	Personalized Recommendation System
	Framework Personalized Expert Recommendation System for Optimized Nutrition
	Conclusion and Outlook
	References
	Further Reading
Index