Trends in International Migration: Annual Report 2004

Foreword......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 5
General Introduction......Page 15
Overview of migration trends in OECD countries......Page 19
III. Recent Changes in Migration Movements and Policies......Page 21
A. Migration and population trends......Page 22
1. Trends in migration movements......Page 23
Figure I.1. Inflows of foreigners in some OECD countries, 1980-2002......Page 24
Box I.1. How are migration flows measured?......Page 25
Figure I.2. Change in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected countries, 1990-2001 and 2002......Page 27
Figure I.3. Proportion of Chinese and Russian immigrants in inflows and stock of foreigners in selected OECD countries, 2002......Page 29
Figure I.4. Permanent or long-term immigration flows into selected OECD countries by main categories in 2002......Page 30
Table I.1. Entries of temporary workers in selected OECD countries by principal categories, 1992, 2000-2003......Page 32
Table I.3. Cross-border workers in selected OECD countries, 1996-2002......Page 36
Table I.4. Stock of foreign students in selected OECD countries, 2002......Page 37
Figure I.5. Inflows of asylum seekers to OECD countries, 1990-2003......Page 38
Box I.2. Asylum seekers: fully fledged migrants?......Page 39
2. Trends in the foreign and immigrant populations......Page 40
Figure I.6. Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations in selected OECD countries, last Census year......Page 41
Box I.3. Measuring the immigrant population......Page 42
Figure I.7. Change in stock of foreign population between 1990 and 2002......Page 43
Map I.1. Rates of growth in the foreign population in Europe, 1990-2002......Page 45
Figure I.8. Components of total population growth in the European Union and selected OECD countries, 1960-2002......Page 46
Box I.4. How is net migration estimated?......Page 48
3. Regional aspects of international migration towards OECD countries......Page 49
Table I.6. Top five nationalities of citizens from Central and Eastern Europe residing in selected OECD countries and in Romania, 1994 and 2002......Page 50
Table I.7. Stocks of Asian nationals and of immigrants born in an Asian country residing in an OECD country, 2002......Page 52
Table I.8. Persons born in Latin America and the Caribbean resident in selected OECD countries, latest available year......Page 55
Table I.9. Stock of Sub-saharan Africa nationals in selected OECD countries......Page 57
1. The situation of foreigners and immigrants in the labour market in OECD countries in 2003......Page 58
Table I.10. Foreign or foreign-born labour force in selected OECD countries, 1998 and 2003......Page 59
Figure I.9. Changes in foreign and total employment during economic recoveries in selected OECD countries......Page 61
Figure I.10. Employment and unemployment rates for selected categories of workers according to nationality, 2002-2003 average......Page 62
Figure I.11. Proportion of foreign or foreign-born in total unemployment, relative to their share in the labour force......Page 63
Box I.5. Comparison of unemployment rates for foreigners and nationals: a clear gap, with some qualifications......Page 64
Table I.12. Distribution of foreign and national adult (25-64) populations by level of education in selected OECD countries......Page 65
Table I.13. Employment of foreigners by sectors, 2002-2003 average......Page 66
Table I.14. Foreigners in self-employment in selected OECD countries, 1998-2003......Page 67
2. Integrating foreigners and immigrants into the labour market: a major challenge......Page 68
Figure I.13. Foreign and foreign-born participation rates in selected OECD countries, 2002-2003 average......Page 69
Figure I.14. Participation rate of foreigners and nationals by gender in selected OECD countries......Page 70
Figure I.15. Change in the foreign participation rate by gender between 1993 and 2003 in selected OECD countries......Page 71
Figure I.16. Change in participation rate of women according to country of birth and ethnic origin, United Kingdom, 1979-2000......Page 72
Figure I.18. Difference between national and foreign participation rates by age in selected OECD countries......Page 73
Table I.15. Participation rate by education level (25-64 years old)......Page 75
Figure I.20. Most serious difficulty experienced by immigrants when entering the labour force, 2001, Canada......Page 76
Table I.16. Participation rate of new immigrants in Australia according to duration of stay and inflow category, 1993-1995 (LSIA1) and 1999-2000 (LSIA2) cohorts......Page 77
Figure I.21. Participation rate of foreigners according to duration of stay and place of birth......Page 78
Figure I.22. Participation rate of foreigners born abroad in selected OECD countries by region of origin......Page 79
Figure I.23. Participation rate of foreigners born abroad according to country of origin in OECD European countries (20-64 years old)......Page 80
Table I.17. Effect of nationality on the probability of participating in the labour market in selected European OECD countries (Probit Model)......Page 81
Table I.18. Probability to participate in labour market for foreigners not living alone aged 15 to 64 in selected European OECD countries (Probit model)......Page 82
Annex Table I.A1.1. Labour market situation of foreigners and nationals in selected OECD countries, 1993, 1995, 2000 and 2003......Page 85
Annex Table I.A1.2. Labour market situation of foreign- and native-born populations in selected OECD countries, 1993, 1995, 2000 and 2003......Page 88
1. Determination to tighten controls over immigration flows in an uncertain international context......Page 91
Box I.6. The new German immigration law......Page 92
Box I.7. How many undocumented migrants are there?......Page 98
Table I.19. Main regularisation programmes of immigrants in an irregular situation in selected OECD countries, by nationality......Page 100
2. Growing interest in policies promoting employment-related migration......Page 103
3. Measures to encourage the integration of immigrants......Page 106
Box I.8. How many foreigners acquire the nationality of their host country?......Page 110
Table I.20. Acquisition of nationality in selected OECD countries......Page 111
Notes......Page 112
Bibliography......Page 113
Introduction......Page 116
2. Immigrants and expatriates in OECD countries: first results......Page 118
Box II.1. Development of a database on international migrants in OECD countries......Page 119
Table II.1. Percentage of foreign-born and non-citizens in the total population in OECD countries......Page 120
3. Expatriates of OECD member countries residing in another member country......Page 121
Box II.2. Counting expatriates: Methods and limits......Page 122
Table II.2. OECD expatriates in other OECD countries......Page 123
Figure II.2. Expatriates as a percentage of all native-born, OECD countries......Page 124
Table II.3. Number and distribution of OECD expatriates by level of education......Page 125
Figure II.3. Immigrant and emigrant population 15+ with tertiary education in OECD countries......Page 126
4. Highly skilled migration from non-member countries towards OECD countries: new evidence on the “brain drain”......Page 127
Box II.3. Estimation of “emigration rates” by educational attainment and country of origin......Page 128
Table II.5. Highly skilled expatriates from selected non-OECD countries......Page 129
Map II.1. Percentage of highly skilled expatriates to OECD countries among all highly skilled born in the country......Page 130
Figure II.4. “Emigration rates” for 15+ and highly skilled 15+ and demo-economic situation for non-OECD countries......Page 131
5. Recent policy measures in OECD countries for facilitating the international recruitment of the highly skilled......Page 132
Table II.6. Fiscal incentives for highly skilled immigrants......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 133
Notes......Page 135
Bibliography......Page 136
Annex II.A1. Data Sources and Data Availability......Page 138
Data sources......Page 140
Annex II.A2......Page 141
Table II.A2.1. Stocks and percentages of non-citizens and foreign-born in OECD countries......Page 142
Table II.A2.2. Acquisition of citizenship in receiving countries......Page 143
Table II.A2.3. Stocks of total foreign-born by region of origin, OECD countries......Page 144
Table II.A2.4. Stocks and percentages of persons by education level and place of birth in OECD countries (people 15+)......Page 145
Table II.A2.5. Stocks of persons originating in OECD countries and residing in another member country (total population)......Page 146
Table II.A2.6. Total number of highly skilled expatriates and percentage of highly skilled expatriates by country of birth......Page 148
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign-born population......Page 152
Table III.1. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign-born population, Australia......Page 153
2. Policy developments......Page 155
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 157
Table III.2. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Austria......Page 158
2. Policy developments......Page 160
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 161
Table III.3. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Belgium......Page 162
2. Policy developments......Page 163
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 165
Table III.4. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Bulgaria......Page 166
2. Policy developments......Page 167
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign-born population......Page 170
Table III.5. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign-born population, Canada......Page 171
2. Policy developments......Page 172
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 174
Table III.6. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Czech Republic......Page 175
2. Policy developments......Page 177
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 178
Table III.7. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Denmark......Page 179
2. Policy developments......Page 180
1. Trends in migration movements......Page 182
2. Policy developments......Page 183
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 185
Table III.8. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Finland......Page 186
2. Policy developments......Page 187
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 189
Table III.9. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, France......Page 190
2. Policy developments......Page 192
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 195
Table III.10. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Germany......Page 196
2. Policy developments......Page 198
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 200
Table III.11. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Greece......Page 201
2. Policy developments......Page 202
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 203
Table III.12. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Hungary......Page 204
2. Policy developments......Page 205
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 207
Table III.13. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Ireland......Page 208
2. Policy developments......Page 209
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 211
Table III.14. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Italy......Page 212
2. Policy developments......Page 214
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 215
Table III.15. Inflows of foreigners by status of residence, 1999-2002, Japan......Page 216
Table III.16. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Japan......Page 217
2. Policy developments......Page 218
2. Policy developments......Page 220
Table III.17. Foreign workers by category, 1999-2002, Korea......Page 221
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 223
2. Policy developments......Page 224
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 226
Table III.18. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Lithuania......Page 227
2. Policy developments......Page 228
1. Trends in migration movements and changes in the foreign population......Page 230
Table III.19. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Luxembourg......Page 231
2. Policy developments......Page 232
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 234
Table III.20. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Mexico......Page 235
2. Policy developments......Page 236
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign and the foreign-born population......Page 238
Table III.21. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Netherlands......Page 239
2. Policy developments......Page 241
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 242
Table III.22. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign-born population, New Zealand......Page 243
2. Policy developments......Page 244
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 246
Table III.23. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Norway......Page 247
2. Policy developments......Page 248
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 250
Table III.24. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Poland......Page 251
2. Policy developments......Page 252
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 254
Table III.25. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Portugal......Page 255
2. Policy developments......Page 256
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 259
Table III.26. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Romania......Page 260
2. Policy developments......Page 261
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 263
Table III.27. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Slovak Republic......Page 264
2. Policy developments......Page 266
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 267
Table III.28. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Spain......Page 268
2. Policy developments......Page 270
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 271
Table III.29. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Sweden......Page 272
2. Policy developments......Page 273
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 275
Table III.30. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Switzerland......Page 276
2. Policy developments......Page 278
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 279
Table III.31. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, Turkey......Page 280
2. Policy developments......Page 281
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign population......Page 283
Table III.32. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population, United Kingdom......Page 284
2. Policy developments......Page 286
1. Trends in migration flows and changes in the foreign-born population......Page 287
Table III.33. Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign-born population, United States......Page 288
2. Policy developments......Page 290
Introduction......Page 291
Inflows and Outflows of Foreign Population......Page 293
Table A.1.1. Inflows of foreign population into selected OECD countries......Page 295
Table A.1.2. Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries......Page 296
Table B.1.1. AUSTRALIA, inflows of permanent settlers and temporary residents by country or region of birth......Page 297
Table B.1.1. BELGIUM, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 298
Table B.1.1. CZECH REPUBLIC, inflows of foreigners by nationality......Page 299
Table B.1.1. FINLAND, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 300
Table B.1.1. GERMANY, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 301
Table B.1.1. IRELAND, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 302
Table B.1.1. JAPAN, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 303
Table B.1.1. NETHERLANDS, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 304
Table B.1.1. NORWAY, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 305
Table B.1.1. PORTUGAL, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 306
Table B.1.1. SPAIN, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 307
Table B.1.1. SWITZERLAND, inflows of foreign population by nationality......Page 308
Table B.1.1. UNITED KINGDOM, inflows of foreign population......Page 309
Table B.1.1. UNITED STATES, inflows of permanent settlers by region or country of birth......Page 310
Metadata related to Tables A.1.1, A.1.2. and B.1.1. Migration flows in selected OECD countries......Page 311
Inflows of Asylum Seekers......Page 314
Table A.1.3. Inflows of asylum seekers into selected OECD countries......Page 315
Table B.1.3. BELGIUM, inflows of asylum seekers by nationality......Page 316
Table B.1.3. FRANCE, inflows of asylum seekers by nationality......Page 317
Table B.1.3. NORWAY, inflows of asylum seekers by nationality......Page 318
Table B.1.3. SWITZERLAND, inflows of asylum seekers by nationality......Page 319
Table B.1.3. UNITED STATES, inflows of asylum seekers by nationality......Page 320
Metadata related to Tables A.1.3. and B.1.3. Inflows of asylum seekers......Page 321
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Population......Page 322
Table A.1.4. Stocks of foreign-born population in selected OECD countries......Page 323
Table B.1.4. AUSTRIA, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 324
Table B.1.4. DENMARK, stock of immigrant population by country of birth......Page 325
Table B.1.4. GREECE, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 326
Table B.1.4. IRELAND, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 327
Table B.1.4. NETHERLANDS, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 328
Table B.1.4. NEW ZEALAND, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 329
Table B.1.4. SLOVAK REPUBLIC, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 330
Table B.1.4. TURKEY, stock of foreign-born population by country of birth......Page 331
Table B.1.4. UNITED STATES, stock of foreign-born population by place of birth......Page 332
Metadata related to Tables A.1.4. and B.1.4. Foreign-born population......Page 333
Table A.1.5. Stocks of foreign population in selected OECD countries......Page 334
Table B.1.5. BELGIUM, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 335
Table B.1.5. DENMARK, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 336
Table B.1.5. FRANCE, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 337
Table B.1.5. GERMANY, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 338
Table B.1.5. GREECE, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 339
Table B.1.5. HUNGARY, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 340
Table B.1.5. IRELAND, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 341
Table B.1.5. JAPAN, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 342
Table B.1.5. LUXEMBOURG, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 343
Table B.1.5. NORWAY, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 344
Table B.1.5. PORTUGAL, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 345
Table B.1.5. SPAIN, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 346
Table B.1.5. SWITZERLAND, stock of foreign population by nationality......Page 347
Table B.1.5. UNITED KINGDOM, stock of foreign population by country or region of nationality......Page 348
Metadata related to Tables A.1.5. and B.1.5. Foreign population......Page 349
Acquisition of Nationality......Page 351
Table A.1.6. Acquisition of nationality in selected OECD countries......Page 352
Table B.1.6. AUSTRIA, acquisition of nationality by country or region of former nationality......Page 353
Table B.1.6. CANADA, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 354
Table B.1.6. DENMARK, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 355
Table B.1.6. FRANCE, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 356
Table B.1.6. ITALY, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 357
Table B.1.6. NETHERLANDS, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 358
Table B.1.6. NORWAY, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 359
Table B.1.6. SPAIN, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 360
Table B.1.6. SWITZERLAND, acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality......Page 361
Table B.1.6. UNITED STATES, acquisition of nationality by country or region of former nationality......Page 362
Metadata related to Tables A.1.6. et B.1.6. Acquisition of nationality......Page 363
Table A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers into selected OECD countries......Page 365
Metadata related to Table A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers......Page 366
Metadata related to Table A.2.2. Inflows of seasonal workers......Page 368
Table B.2.3. AUSTRALIA, immigrant labour force by place of birth......Page 370
Table B.2.3. UNITED STATES, stock of foreign-born labour by country of birth......Page 371
Metadata related to Tables A.2.3. and B.2.3. Foreign-born labour force......Page 372
Table A.2.4. Stocks of foreign labour force in selected OECD countries......Page 373
Table B.2.4. BELGIUM, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 374
Table B.2.4. DENMARK, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 375
Table B.2.4. FRANCE, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 376
Table B.2.4. GREECE, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 377
Table B.2.4. IRELAND, stock of foreign labour force by nationality......Page 378
Table B.2.4. JAPAN, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 379
Table B.2.4. LUXEMBOURG, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 380
Table B.2.4. NORWAY, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 381
Table B.2.4. SLOVAK REPUBLIC, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 382
Table B.2.4. SWEDEN, stock of foreign labour by nationality......Page 383
Table B.2.4. UNITED KINGDOM, stock of foreign labour by country or region of nationality......Page 384
Metadata related to Tables A.2.4. and B.2.4. Foreign labour force......Page 385
Inflows of Foreign and Seasonal Workers......Page 364
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Labour......Page 369
List of SOPEMI correspondents......Page 387