Travelling the Korosko Road : archaeological exploration in Sudans Eastern desert

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Title
In Memoriam
Contents
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Figures
Preface
	W. Vivian Davies and Derek A. Welsby
PART I
1. Explorations in Sudan’s Eastern Nubian Desert, 1989 to 2006
	Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni
	Introduction
	The purpose
	The research
	In the desert with camels
	Final considerations
2. Wadi Terfowi
	Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni
	A wooded wadi
	The Beja well
	The mining settlements
	The Kabeseit mine
	The circular platform mounds
3. The gold mines of Kerma and exploration of the south-eastern Nubian Desert
	Angelo amd Alfredo Castiglioni
	The journey
	The mines of Jebel en-Nigeim
	Exploration of the auriferous zone of Jebel Abu Dueim, February-March 2006
4. The Tracks of Egyptian Penetration
	Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni
	The Korosko Road
	Search for the Gold Mines
	The Medieval Mines
	Fort Murrat
	The Cave of Heqanefer
	The Arab Route towards the East
	The Land of Amu
	The Mountains of Irtjet
	The “Southern Road” of the
		Pilgrims
	Berenice Panchrysos
5. Traces of the Past – First Expedition
	Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni
	The journey
	Addendum: other likely areas of worship
		dedicated to goats
6. Traces of the Past – Second Expedition
	Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni
	The prehistoric sites documented during
		the expedition
7. The Journey to Onib Crater (el-Hofra)
	Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni
	The route
	The Onib crater
	A Beja village
8. The Nubian and Pharaonic Ceramic Materials
	Andrea Manzo
	Introduction
	Prehistoric phase
	Late Prehistoric phase
	Protohistoric phase
	Late Antique phase
	Final remarks
	Bibliography
	Appendix 1. Table of concordance for the ‘Unnamed’ sites.
9. Imported wares in the Sudanese Eastern Desert: finds from the CeRDO Suvey 2004
	Serena Massa
	Methodological approach
	Description of the fabrics
	Concluding remarks
	Bibliography
10. Preliminary study of the macro-lithic tools collected by CeRDO in the Sudanese Eastern Desert
	Francesco Michele Rega
	Introduction
	Macro-lithic tools from the SudaneseEastern Desert
	Preliminary remarks
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
	Appendix A
PART II
11. The Korosko Road as a major cross-desert route:a brief overview
	Derek A. Welsby
	The 18th and 19th century evidence
	Antiquities along the Korosko Road
	Early travellers crossing the Eastern Desert
	Bibliography
12. Gazetteer of sites
	Derek A. Welsby
13. The Korosko Road Project: Final Report on the Pottery
	Philippe Ruffieux and Mahmoud Suliman Bashi
	1. Introduction
	2. Method of the pottery survey
	3. Description of the pottery finds fomthe Korosko Road
	4. Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
14. The hand-axe and denticulated tool
	Donatella Usai
Table 8.1. distribution of generic Middle Nubian (MN), Kerma (K), Pan-Grave (PG), Gash Group (GG) and Egyptian (EG) materials in the sites going back to Protohistoric phase. To be remarked the frequent co-occurrence of different cultural components at the
	9. Imported wares in the Sudanese Eastern Desert:
	finds from the CeRDO Survey 2004
15. Securing the Gold of Wawat: pharaonic inscriptions in the Sudanese-Nubian Eastern Desert
	W. Vivian Davies
	Summary
	Bibliography
Back cover
Table 9.1. Distribution of the different ceramic classes of the CeRDO 2004 expedition.
	10. Preliminary study of the macro-lithic tools collected
	by CeRDO in the Sudanese Eastern Desert
Table 10.1. List of macro-lithic tools cited in the text, with the relevant general information.
8. The Nubian and Pharaonic Ceramic Materials
Figure 8.1. a) wall sherd of an open bowl with traces of coiling technique from site RD8; b) rounded base of a vessel from site RD22; c) pointed base of a vessel from site AP; d) rim sherd of a bowl with wavy incised decorative pattern from site U2; e) ri
Figure 8.2. a-b) body sherds decorated with incised arches from site U14; c-d) body sherds decorated with impressed arches from
site U14; e) body sherd decorated with densely packed lines
of bosses from site V (scale in cm).
Figure 8.3. a) rim sherd of a bowl with a pivoting stamp technique decoration resulting in a herringbone pattern from site R65; b) rim sherd of a bowl decorated with a rim band and a packed pattern of dots obtained with pivoting stamp technique from site
Figure 8.4. a) fragment of a rippled ware black topped ware cup from site RD19; b) rim sherd of a closed cup with rim band of notches and herringbone incised patter from site D3 (drawing by K. Sadr, see Sadr et al. 1993, fig. 4.3); c) fragment of the body
Figure 8.5. a) rim sherd of a bowl with wiped surfaces and notches on the lip from site R43; b) rim sherd of a jar decorated with patterns of spaced parallel shallow lines from a site in the Wadi Tonaidba (U18); c) rim sherd of a scraped bowl with regular
e) body sherds of vessels decorated with bands of parallel
spaced comb impressed notches from a site in the
Wadi Tonaidba (U18) (scale in cm).
Figure 8.6. Pierced ceramic disk usually associated with Clayton rings, from site 42 near Jebel Umm Nabari (scale in cm).
Figure 8.7. a) rim sherd of a bowl decorated with horizontal incised lines on the body and small impressed notches on the top of the rim from site U19 in the upper Wadi Elei; b) body sherd of a bowl with the body covered by incised lozenges or triangular
a bowl with a rim band of oblique crossing incisions forming
triangles from site U16 (scale in cm).
Figure 8.8. a) rim sherd of a black topped cup with a red band interrupting the black one below the rim from site AH; b) rim sherd of a jar with horizontal grooves covering the body and multiple rim bands of oblique incised irregular notches from site D3
from site U14; f) wall sherd of a bowl with rounded base
reinforced by a stratum of clay from site U9 (scale in cm).
Figure 8.9. a) rim sherd of a black topped bowl with rim band consisting of a double zig-zag line and notches on the lip from site U18 in the Wadi Tonaidba; b) rim sherd of a bowl with rim band consisting of impressed notches from site U18 in the Wadi Ton
from site U13; e) fragment of body of Marl A3
vessel from site U13; f) (scale in cm).
Figure 8.10. a) fragment of multi-footed vessel decorated with triangles filled by crossing parallel incisions forming an “X-motif” from site R37; b) fragment of multi-footed vessel decorated with panels of notches framed by incised lines from site R37; c
a cup characterized by a pattern of bands of notches framed by
parallel incised lines associated with a rim band of alternatively oblique incised parallel lines from site R38; e) rim sherd of a cup characterized by incised “X-motifs” forming a band of panels below the rim from site R 57; f) rim sherd of a large close
associated with other geometric zoned incised decorations from
site U19; i) sherd with a pattern of incised multiple
superimposed “waves” from site R26 (scale in cm).
Figure 8.11. Graph showing the frequencies of sites of the different phases recorded in the CeRDO explorations in the
Sudanese Eastern Desert.
	9. Imported wares in the Sudanese Eastern Desert:
	finds from the CeRDO Survey 2004
Figure 9.1. Satellite image of the study area (Landsat Copernicus, Google Earth 2017).
Figure 9.2. GIS elaboration of the study area with the geolocalization of the sites recorded by the CeRDO expeditions, as well as all the sites,
oases, wells, wadis and details from ancient geographical maps with information about the trajectory of caravan routes and the location of old towns. From these sources combined, it emerges that the caravan routes followed the course of the wadis to avoid
by mountains along the route and passed near wells and oases that enabled survival in the desert (Ciusani et al. 2017).
Figure 9.3: Mine Site R39.
Figure 9.4. Fresh fractures of samples 1-7, left macro,
right digital microscope, 100x.5
Figure 9.5. Fresh fractures of samples 8-16, left macro,
right digital microscope, 100x.
Figure 9.6. The 14 different fabrics and morphological types.
Figure 9.7. Fabric 11, sample 11 – Site R57.
Figure 9.8. Late Roman Amphora 1.
Figure 9.9. Fabric 1, sample 01 – Site M3.
Figure 9.10. Late bag-shaped amphorae.
Figure 9.11. Fabric 6, sample 06 – Site M3.
Figure 9.12. Fabric 7, sample 07 – Site R62.
Figure 9.13. Fabric 14, sample 14 – Site R68.
Figure 9.14. Fabric 16, sample 16 – Site R55.
Figure 9.15. Fabric 2, sample 02 – Site AE (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.16. Fabric 5, sample 05 – Site R37 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.17. Fabric 10, sample 10 – Site M1 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.18. Site R61, Cooking pot, Wodzinska type
Late Roman 39 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.19. Fabric 4, sample 04 – Site M3 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.20. Fabric 9, sample 09 – Site M3 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.21. Sample 15 – Site M1.
Figure 9.22. Dish – Site R39 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.23. Bowl – Site AE (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.24. Ledge-rimmed bowl – Site RD1 (drawing scale 1:4).
Figure 9.25. Distribution of the late bag-shaped amphorae in the area of study, Sudanese Eastern Desert Sites
AE, M1, M2, M3, R45, R46, R57, R60, R62, R63, R68 and RD5.
	11. The Korosko Road as a major cross-desert route:
	a brief overview
Figure 11.1. The Korosko Road and the more easterly route along
the Wadi Gabgaba. (after  British Library ....).
Figure 11.2. Map of the watershed along the Korosko Road with the Bab es-Silik and the Bab Korosko (after Sudan Survey
Department 1:250,000 map sheet NF-36-J - Murrat).
Figure 11.3. The route taken between Abu Hamed and Korosko
by Speke and Grant in 1863 (Grant 1884).
	12. Gazetteer of sites
Figure 12.1. Sites recorded along the Korosko Road and on the route west towards the Second Cataract
(Google Earth satellite image April 2018).
Figure 12.2. Sites in the Wadi Murat (scale 1:10,000) (Google Earth satellite image April 2018).
Figure 12.3. KRP5-7 (scale 1:10,000 (Google Earth
satellite image, April 2018).
Figure 12.4. KRP18, scale 1:10,000 (Google Earth satellite image, April 2018).
Figure 12.5. KRP19, scale 1:4000 (Google Earth satellite
image, April 2018).
Figure 12.6. KRP19(3), scale 1:1000
(Google Earth satellite image April 2018).
Figure 12.7. KRP21 and KRP22, scale 1:20,000
(Google Earth satellite
image, April 2018).
Figure 12.8. KRP23, scale 1:4,000 (Google Earth satellite image, April 2018).
	13. The Korosko Road Project: Final Report on the Pottery
Figure 13.1. Profile of amphora no. 08-06-11/08-07-12 (scale 1:4).
Figure 13.2. Profile of miniature beer jar no. 18-07-12
(scale 1:4).
	15. Securing the Gold of Wawat: pharaonic inscriptions
	in the Sudanese-Nubian Eastern Desert
Figure 15.1. KRP5, inscriptions of Chief of Tehkhet Paitsy.
Figure 15.2. KRP8, 1, north, titles and name of Hornakht.
Figure 15.3. KRP8, 1, north, titles of Hornakht.
Figure 15.4. KRP8, 2, south, two inscriptions, upper including Hornakht titles and filiation.
Figure 15.5. KRP8, 3, south, expedition
personnel
Figure 15.6. KRP8, 4, south, inscription of Tiy.
Figure 15.7. KRP9, 1, Mayor Mesu.
Figure 15.8. KRP9, 2, High Priest Nebnetjeru.
Figure 15.9. KRP13, Scribe Nyny.
Figure 15.10. KRP14,
inscription of Trh/Trrh.
Figure 15.11. Ruler of Kush Teri-ahi, from execration text
(after Koenig 1990).
Figure 15.12. KRP18, no. 1, Man of counting, Pashed.
Figure 15.13. KRP18, no. 4, Scribe Amenaa.
Figure 15.15. KRP18, nos 6-8, Scribe
Amenaa, and Men of counting
Penmiam and Kheper.
Figure 15.14. KRP18, no. 5, Scribe reckoner of gold Djehutyhotep.
Figure 15.16. KRP18, no. 9, Chief retainer Huy.
Figure 15.17. KRP18, no. 10, Scribe Nebnetjeru.
Figure 15.18. KRP18, no. 11, Scribe Nebnetjeru.
Figure 15.19. KRP18, nos 13-15, Scribe reckoner of gold Meryure, and others.
Figure 15.21. KRP18, no. 24, High Priest Nebnetjeru.
Figure 15.20. KRP18, nos 18-23, Chief of Miam Mer and others.
Figure 15.22. KRP22, no. 1, Priest Herunefer,
invocation to Horus Lord of Buhen.
Figure 15.23. KRP22, no. 2, Priest Herunefer with filiation.
Figure 15.24. KRP2, no. 1, Priest Herunefer, figure of Horus.
Figure 15.25. KRP2, no. 1, Horus-figures with earlier drawing.