Transport and Surface Phenomena

Cover
TRANSPORT AND SURFACE
PHENOMENA
Copyright
Foreword
	The three basic engineering tasks
	Transport phenomena: The continuum and the interfaces
	The history of this discipline
	The structure of this book
	Other books
Acknowledgments
Part One: The nature of transport phenomena
1
Definitions of unidirectional steady transport
	Steady unidirectional transport of heat by conduction
	Steady unidirectional transfer of mass by diffusion
	Steady unidirectional transfer of momentum by viscous friction in fluids
	Similarities and differences
		Common features of some transport phenomena
		Other transport phenomena
	Summary
2
Transport phenomena in terms of mass structure
	Molecular theory of transport phenomena in gases
		Mean velocity of random motion and the temperature
		Pressure
		The free path of molecules
	Transport phenomena in gases
		Transport of momentum in gases
		Heat transfer by conduction in gases
		Mass transfer in gases by diffusion
		Prandtl and Schmidt numbers in gases
			The dependence of the transport coefficients of gases on temperature and pressure
		The Knudsen flow
		Momentum transport at high-pressure gradients and at its sudden changes
	Momentum transport in solids and liquids
		Tensile test
		The effect of force at fast straining
		Shear stress
		Shear strain of fluids
	Rheology
		Deformation of material by a step change
		Cyclic deformation of materials
		Structural rheology
	What happens while straining condensed materials?
		The transition from the solid state to liquids as seen by the mechanics
		Crystals
		Metals
		Polymers
		Viscosity of liquids
		Viscosity of liquid mixtures
	Heat transfer by conduction in liquids and solids
		Thermal conductivity in liquids and solids
		Heat capacity of liquids and solids
		Thermal diffusivity and the Prandtl number in liquids and gases
	Transport of mass by diffusion in liquids and solids
		Estimate of diffusivity of small molecules in liquids
		Diffusion in solid materials
		Diffusion through membranes (flat layers)
		Thermodiffusion
	Summary
	References
3
Transport phenomena at the interface
	Contents
	The working of the forces at the interface
		The boundary between liquid phases
		Surface instability
		Surface-active materials
		The boundary between a liquid and a solid material
		Cavitations
		Other surface phenomena
	Mechanical equilibrium between phases
		Mechanical equilibrium at the interface of two fluids
		Friction between two solid surfaces
	Heat equilibrium between phases
	Equilibrium concentrations between phases
	Summary
	Reference
4
Transport of energy by radiation
	Contents
	Types of radiation
	Heat radiation and its absorption
	Transmission of heat by radiation through a mass medium
	Radiation in chemical analysis
	Summary
5
Experimental methods for the study of transport phenomena
	Mechanical quantities
		Force
		Pressure
		Speed
		Viscosity
	Thermal quantities
		Temperature
		Heat capacity
		Thermal conductivity
	Summary
6
Simple problems in heat transport
	One-dimensional steady conduction of heat
		Coordinate system
		Temperature distribution in a flat plate conducting heat
		Temperature distribution in a cylindrical layer through which heat is conducted
		Temperature distribution in a spherical layer through which heat is conducted
	Steady conduction of heat with a source of heat
		A flat layer with a constant source and a given outside temperature
		A cylinder with a constant source and a given outside temperature
	Steady heat conduction through a composite layer
		Serial arrangement
		Parallel arrangement
		Heat conduction in an anisotropic medium
	Summary
7
Simple problems in fluid flows
	Viscometric flows
	The flow in straight tubes
		The tube with a circular cross section
		Noncircular geometries
	Rotary flow along a moving boundary
		Rotational viscometer with two coaxial cylinders
		The case of a narrow gap
		Other rotational viscometric flows
	Measurement of viscosity by nonviscometric setups
		The case of a rotor in a large space
		The discharge viscometers
		Viscometers with a falling body
	Summary
8
Fundamentals of the fluid mechanics
	Plane forces, stress tensor, and its components
	Three-dimensional generalization of Newtons law of viscosity
		The role of the kinematics of the fluid on the deformation
	Rheology
		The rheological constitutive equation of liquids
		The energy dissipation by viscous friction
		Non-Newtonian liquids
	Summary
9
Transports in moving media
	Mass balances-The equation of continuity
		The detailed derivation of this statement
		The result
	Momentum balances in terms of stresses: Cauchy equation
	Inertial set
	The momentum balance in a fluid having a constant density and viscosity: Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation
	Summary
Part Two: Balances in transport phenomena
10
Solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation
	Cartesian coordinate set
	Cylindrical coordinate set
	Spherical coordinate set
	Non-inertial rotating set
	The estimation of the importance of the individual terms in the Navier-Stokes equation. The Reynolds number
		The detail of the derivation
		Result
	The effect of the Reynolds number
		Creeping flow
		The inviscid flows
	Characteristic hydrodynamic quantities
	The boundary and initial conditions
	Summary
11
The balance of mass and of mechanical energy in a flow tube
	The integral equation of continuity and the Bernoulli equation
	The losses of mechanical energy by friction
	The basic equations of hydrostatics
	Summary
12
The steady unidirectional flow
	The steady one-dimensional unidirectional creeping flow
		The flow through a tube of a constant cross section
		Unidirectional rotational flows
	Possible solutions of the equation of flow in terms of stresses
	Solving the problems in stresses
		The flow in a flat layer
		Longitudinal flow with axial symmetry
		The rotational flows
			Rotation of two coaxial cylinders
			Rotation of two round plates
			Rotation of two coaxial cones
			Rotation of two coaxial spheres
	Two-dimensional unidirectional flows
		A channel of rectangular cross section
	The principle of the minimal entropy rise
	Instability of the creeping flow
		The instability of flow in a curved channel
		The instability of rotational flows
	Summary
13
The basics of steady heat conduction and diffusion
	The three-dimensional Fouriers law
	Three-dimensional Ficks law
	The heat conduction
		Detailed derivation
		The result
		The heat source
	The equation of the mass transport
		Diffusion
		The convective mass transport
		A substance change
	Qualitative aspects of transport phenomena
	Summary
14
Unidirectional unsteady transfer
	Unidirectional unsteady transfer in half-space
		Initial and boundary conditions
	Unidirectional unsteady transfer in half-space
		Typical conditions
		The first fundamental kind
		The second fundamental kind
		The transfer into a semispace while condition of the boundary oscillates
	The integral parameters of heat conduction
		Dimensionless numbers
	One-directional unsteady transfer in a finite space
		The strategy of solving the equations of unsteady unidirectional heat conduction in a finite layer
		The asymptote for short times Fo0
		The steady-state asymptote Fo
		A complete solution 0