Transport, travel and later life

Transport, Travel and Later Life
Contents
	List of Tables
	List of FIGURES
	List of Contributors
	Editor
	About the Authors
	Preface
Introduction: Conceptualising Travel, Transport and Mobility  for Older People
	1. Demographic Change
	2. Importance of Mobility
	3. Changing Perspectives
		3.1. Transport is about People
		3.2. Transport and Mobility isn’t Just about Moving from A to B
		3.3. Discretionary Mobility is Important
		3.4. Alternatives are Barely Functional and Certainly not Attractive
		3.5. Mobility doesn’t have to be about Literally Moving
	4. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 1:
Older People’s Travel and its Relationship to their Health and Wellbeing
	1. Introduction
	2. Travel by Older People
	3. The Implications of Travel for Older People’s Wellbeing
	4. The Travel that Older People Would Like to do
	5. How Older People Travel
	6. Car Travel
	7. Public Transport
	8. Active Travel
	9. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2:
Are Older People Safe Drivers on the Roads, Testing and Training?
	1. Introduction
	2. Accident Involvement
	3. Fragility
	4. Driver Risks
	5. Types of Accidents
	6. Danger to Other Road Users
	7. Improving Roads and Vehicles
		7.2. Vehicles
	8. Assessment and Training
	9. Renewing Driving Licences
	10. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3:
Old Age: What are the Main Difficulties and Vulnerabilities in the Transport Environment?
	1. Introduction
	2. The Complexity of Old Age in the Transport Environment
	3. Vulnerable Road Users
		3.1. A Framework to Understand Vulnerability in Old Age
		3.2. The Path to Vulnerability for Older Road Users
	4. Exposure Factors and Threats: Health Issues and the Road Infrastructure
	5. The Difficulties of Older Road Users
		5.1. Difficulties of Older Drivers
		5.2. Difficulties of Older Pedestrians
		5.3. Difficulties of Older Public Transport Users
	6. The Bad Outcome
	7. Coping Capacity: How do Older Road Users Cope with the Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Road Environment?
		7.1. Compensation of Older Drivers and Pedestrians
		7.2. The Lack of Self-Awareness
	8. Concluding Remarks and Future Work
	References
Chapter 4:
The Travel Needs of Older People and What Happens When People Give-Up Driving
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
		2.1. Phase One: Participants (Current Drivers)
		2.2. Phase One: Procedure
			2.2.1. Focus Groups
			2.2.2. Telephone Interviews
			2.2.3. Driver Diaries
		2.3. Phase Two: Participants (Ex-Drivers)
		2.4. Phase Two: Procedure
		2.5. Ensuring Validity and Trustworthiness of the Research
		2.6. Data Analysis
	3. Findings
		3.1.1. Utilitarian Needs – The Car
			3.1.2. Utilitarian Needs – Lifts from Family and Friends
			3.1.3. Utilitarian Needs – Walking
			3.1.4. Utilitarian Needs – Community and Public Transport
		3.2. Psychosocial and Affective Travel Needs
			3.2.1. Psychosocial Needs – the Car
			3.2.2. Psychosocial Needs and Public Transport
			3.2.3. Psychosocial Needs and Walking
		3.3. Aesthetic and Journey for Journey’s Sake Travel Needs
			3.3.1. Aesthetic Travel Needs – The Car
			3.3.2. Aesthetic Travel Needs – Friends and Family
			3.3.3. Aesthetic Travel Needs – Public and Community Transport
	4. Discussion
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5:
Public and Community Transport
	1. Introduction
	2. Public Buses
		2.1. Barriers to Using the Bus
		2.2. Public Transport Norms
		2.3. Improving Bus Services
	3. Community Transport
		3.1. Advantages of Community Transport
		3.2. Barriers to Using Community Transport
	4. Age Friendly Rail Travel
		4.1. Older People’s Satisfaction of Railways
		4.2. Towards an Age Friendly Railway Service
	5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6:
Creating a Convivial Public Realm for an Ageing Population. Being a Pedestrian and the Built Environment
	1. Introduction
	2. Barriers to Walking
	3. Creating Better Public Spaces
	4. Improving Street Design at a Strategic, Policy and Practitioner Level
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7:
Cycling Beyond Your Sixties: The Role of Cycling in Later Life and How It Can Be Supported and Promoted
	1. Introduction
	2. Older Cycling in the United Kingdom
	3. Cycling Policy in the Context of Active Ageing and Ageing Cities Agenda
	4. cycle BOOM Study of Older Cycling Mobility
	5. Cycling Vignettes
		5.1. Resilient Riders – Rona, Alfie and Janice
		5.2. Re-Engaged Riders – Brian, Gill and Wilfred
		5.3. Summary of the Vignettes
	6. Policies and Programmes to Support and Promote Older Cycling
	References
Chapter 8:
Older Driver Needs and Issues: Using Grounded Theory to Elicit the Driving Needs of Older People
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Participants
		Procedure
	Data Analysis
	Findings and Discussion
		External Distractions
		Maintaining a Constant Speed at the Speed Limit
		Fatigue
		Reaction Time
		Glare and Lighting Conditions on the Road
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9:
Technologies, Education and Training to Improve Older Driver Behaviour
	1. Introduction
	2. General Training Programmes for Older Drivers
		2.1.1. The Useful Field of View Test and Training
			2.1.2. Trail Making Test
			2.1.3. Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, Visual Closure Sub-Test
			2.1.4. Delayed Recall Test
			2.1.5. Computerised Maze Navigation
			2.1.6. Speed of Processing Training
			2.1.7. Dual n-Back Task for Working Memory
			2.1.8. Hazard Perception Tests
		2.2. Physical Aids
			2.2.1. Rapid Pace Walk
			2.2.2. Shoulder, Neck and Head Rotation
			2.2.3. General Fitness Programmes
		2.3. Combined Cognitive Training Programmes
			2.3.1. Cognifit and DriveFit
		2.4. Self-Assessment Aids
			2.4.1. Driving Decisions Workbook
			2.4.2. Devon Driving Decisions Workbook
			2.4.3. The Self-Awareness and Feedback for Responsible Driving (SAFER Driving) Tool
			2.4.4. The Roadwise Review
		2.5. Education and Training
	3. Discussion
	4. Recommendations
		4.1. The Package Should be Attractive
		4.2. The Training Should Work Within Norms and Expectations
		4.3. Training Should be Based on Real-Time, Realistic Needs of Older People
		4.4. Training Must Involve Quality Feedback
		4.5. Training Must Consider Opportunities for Social Engagement
		4.6. Content of the Training
		4.7. Medium of the Training
		4.8. Inclusive Design
	References
Chapter 10:
Virtual and Imaginative Mobility: How Do We Bring the Outside Indoors and What Happens When Mobility is no Longer Available?
	1. Introduction
	2. Outdoor Space and Health and Wellbeing
	3. Technology to Mimic Going Outdoors
	4. Conclusion and Where Next?
	References
Chapter 11:
Future Transport Technologies for an 
Ageing Society: Practice and Policy
	1. Introduction
	2. Transport Technologies – Slow and Fast
	3. Technological Innovations for an Ageing Society
	4. Policies to Facilitate Technological Advance
	References
Index