Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering

Front Cover......Page 1
Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the author......Page 21
List of Contributors......Page 22
Preface......Page 24
1.2 Load Flow......Page 26
1.3 System Stability......Page 33
1.4 Short Circuit Analysis......Page 67
2.2 Block Diagrams......Page 75
2.3 Schematic Diagrams......Page 76
2.4 Manufacturers' Drawings......Page 80
2.5 Computer Aided Design (CAD)......Page 93
2.6 Case Study......Page 94
2.7 Graphical Symbols......Page 95
Appendix A . Relay Identification — Numerical Codes......Page 96
Appendix B . Comparison Between German, British, US/Canadian and International Symbols......Page 107
3.2 Substation Design Considerations......Page 117
3.3 Alternative Layouts......Page 120
3.4 Space Requirements......Page 131
4.2 DC Supplies......Page 140
4.3 Batteries......Page 150
4.4 AC Supplies......Page 159
5.2 Current Transformers......Page 172
5.3 Voltage Transformers......Page 180
6.2 Insulator Materials......Page 185
6.3 Insulator Types......Page 186
6.4 Pollution Control......Page 192
6.5 Insulator Specification......Page 196
6.6 Tests......Page 201
7.2 Lighting......Page 204
7.3 Distribution Characterization......Page 221
7.4 Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning......Page 224
7.5 Fire Detection and Suppression......Page 231
8.1 Introduction......Page 239
8.2 Design Criteria......Page 240
8.3 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology......Page 245
8.4 Computer Generated Results......Page 253
References......Page 258
9.2 System Voltages......Page 259
9.3 Clearances......Page 270
9.4 Procedures for Co-ordination......Page 272
9.5 Surge Protection......Page 273
References......Page 290
10.1 Introduction......Page 291
10.2 System Configurations......Page 292
10.3 Power System Protection Principles......Page 296
10.4 Current Relays......Page 299
10.5 Differential Protection Schemes......Page 314
10.6 Distance Relays......Page 328
10.7 Auxillary Relays......Page 341
10.8 Computer Assisted Grading Exercise......Page 350
10.9 Practical Distribution Network Case Study......Page 351
11.2 Fuses......Page 361
11.3 Fuse Operation......Page 375
11.4 Miniature Circuit Breakers......Page 384
References......Page 392
12.2 Codes and Standards......Page 393
12.3 Types of Cables and Materials......Page 396
12.4 Cable Sizing......Page 408
12.5 Calculations of Losses in Cables......Page 428
12.6 Fire Properties of Cables......Page 429
12.7 Control and Communication Cables......Page 432
12.8 Cable Management Systems......Page 441
References......Page 453
13.2 Terminology and Standards......Page 454
13.3 Switching......Page 456
13.4 Arc Quenching Media......Page 478
13.5 Operating Mechanisms......Page 490
13.6 Equipment Specifications......Page 496
14.2 Standards and Principles......Page 515
14.3 Voltage, Impedance and Power Rating......Page 533
14.4 Thermal Design......Page 547
14.5 Constructional Aspects......Page 557
14.6 Accessories......Page 568
References......Page 578
15.2 Soil Investigations......Page 580
15.3 Foundation Types......Page 581
15.5 Site Works......Page 590
16.2 Routing Objectives......Page 600
16.3 Preliminary Routing......Page 602
16.4 Detailed Line Survey and Profile......Page 606
17.1 Introduction......Page 611
17.2 Environmental Conditions......Page 612
17.3 Structure Design......Page 624
17.4 Pole and Tower Types......Page 636
References......Page 643
18.2 Environmental Conditions......Page 644
18.3 Conductor Selection......Page 645
18.4 Calculated Electrical Ratings......Page 653
18.5 Design Spans, Clearances and Loadings......Page 664
18.6 Overhead Line Fittings......Page 686
18.7 Overhead Line Impedance......Page 690
18.8 Substation Busbar Selection — Case Study......Page 693
References......Page 702
19.2 Quality Assurance......Page 705
19.3 Works Inspections and Testing......Page 710
19.4 Site Inspection and Testing......Page 711
19.5 Testing and Commissioning Methods......Page 716
Appendix A . Commissioning Test Procedure Requirements......Page 748
Appendix B . Drawings, Diagrams and Manuals......Page 749
20.1 Introduction......Page 751
20.3 Testing......Page 752
20.4 Screening......Page 759
20.5 Typical Useful Formulae......Page 764
20.6 Case Studies......Page 767
References......Page 772
21.2 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)......Page 773
21.3 Power Line Carrier Communication Links......Page 783
21.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)......Page 791
21.5 Software Management......Page 797
References......Page 808
22.2 Project Evaluation......Page 809
22.3 Financing......Page 821
22.4 Project Phases......Page 825
22.5 Terms and Conditions of Contract......Page 832
22.6 Tendering......Page 840
22.7 Model Forms of Contract — Exercise......Page 844
Appendix A . Project Definition/Questionnaire......Page 846
Appendix B . Bidding Checklist......Page 870
23.1 Introduction......Page 874
23.2 Definitions......Page 876
23.3 Load Forecasting......Page 888
23.4 System Parameters......Page 895
23.5 System Reliability......Page 902
23.6 Drawings and Materials Take Off......Page 912
24.2 The Nature of Harmonics......Page 913
24.3 The Generation of Harmonics......Page 914
24.4 The Effects of Harmonics......Page 919
24.5 The Limitation of Harmonics......Page 925
24.6 Ferroresonance and Subharmonics......Page 928
24.7 References......Page 932
25.2 Symbols and Nomenclature......Page 933
25.3 Alternating Quantities......Page 939
25.4 Vector Representation......Page 942
25.5 Vector Algebra......Page 947
25.6 Sequence Components......Page 951
25.7 Network Fault Analysis......Page 957
25.8 Design Optimization......Page 969
References......Page 991
Index......Page 994