Translators and Their Prologues in Medieval England

List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
1. The Translator's Prologue: Latin and French Antecedents 19
The Latin Prologue Tradition and the Growth of Translation-Consciousness 19
The Beginnings of the French Translator's Prologue 25
The 'Precocity' of Anglo-Norman and English > French Translation 30
From Vulgar Tongue to Prestige Vernacular 34
2. The Translator's Prologue: The Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Background 39
Early Latin > German Translation: Otfrid and Notker Labeo 41
Translators' Prologues in Anglo-Saxon England: Ælfred and Ælfric 43
The Conquest and Afterwards: Questions of Continuity in English-Language Writing 50
The Addition of French 55
3. The Development of the French > English Translator's Prologue 63
Laȝamon's 'Brut' and the Beginnings of the French > English Translator's Prologue 66
A Growing Translation-Consciousness: Developments to c. 1300 72
From Compilation to Translation: Developments in the Fourteenth Century 77
'Oral' Romance Prologues: A Separate Type of Translator's Prologue? 83
From Laȝamon to Caxton: The Fifteenth Century 90
4. The Figure of the Translator 97
'Feþeren he nom mid fingren': The Figure of the Translator in Literary Sources 100
The Figure of the Translator in Pictorial Sources 108
An Iconography of Translation? 120
'I was at Ertheldoun | With Tomas spak Y thare': 'Clerk' and 'Minstrel' Translators 128
5. The Acquisition of French 140
Literary Evidence: Prologues, Epilogues and Letters 144
'Du fraunceis ki chescun seit dire': Teaching Material 150
'ne illa lingua Gallica penitus sit omissa': Later Teaching of French 157
The Acquisition of French in the Cloister 158
6. The Case for Women Translators 162
Women's Education and the Use of French 165
'Se femme l’ad si transaté': The Evidence of the Twelfth-Century Women Translators 171
Continuity and Tradition? 180
'Crane' and Chaucer's Nun: Two Further Possibilities 182
7. The Presentation of Audience and the Later Life of the Prologue 189
'To laud and Inglis man I spell': Larger Audience Groups Named in Translations 192
'Gode men of Brunne': Specific Audiences and the Question of Patronage 195
The Prologue in Context: Manuscript Evidence 197
'The Knowing of Woman's Kind' and Women Audiences 201
'Mouvance', Prologues and 'Mouvance' within Prologues 210
8. Middle Dutch Translators' Prologues as a Sidelight on English Practice 218
'ick de historie vele valsch | Gevonden hebbe in dat walsch': Attitudes towards French in the Prologues of Jacob van Maerlant 226
'Sonder rime also ic sach': Translating 'Le Livre de Sidrac' 233
'menighe avonture | Die nemmer mee ne wert bescreven': 'Walewein's' Anti-Translator's Prologue 238
Conclusion 244
Appendices 249
Appendix 1: Breakdown of Corpus Motifs (as given in Chapter 3) 249
Appendix 2: Table of Verbs Used to Represent Translation in the Corpus 260
Appendix 3: Brief Biographical Information on the Translators 261
Bibliography 264
Index 289