Translational Biotechnology : A Journey from Laboratory to Clinics.

Front Cover --
Translational Biotechnology --
Copyright Page --
Contents --
List of contributors --
Preface --
1 Introduction to translational biotechnology --
1 Translational biotechnology: A transition from basic biology to evidence-based research --
1.1 Introduction --
1.1.1 Background and emergence of the field --
1.2 The phases of translational research --
1.3 Challenges to solutions --
1.4 Applications --
1.4.1 Drug development --
1.4.1.1 Protein drugs --
1.4.1.2 Hormones --
1.4.1.3 Monoclonal antibodies --
1.4.1.4 Cytokines --
1.4.1.5 Vaccines --
1.4.2 Nanomedicine 1.4.3 Gene therapy --
1.4.4 Precision medicine and biomarker development --
1.4.5 Microbial engineering for bio-therapeutics --
1.4.6 Application of big data and translational bioinformatics --
1.5 Conclusion and future directions --
1.6 Highlights --
Acknowledgment --
Conflict of interest --
References --
2 Biotherapeutics --
2 Biotechnology-based therapeutics --
2.1 Introduction --
2.2 Human gene therapy --
2.2.1 Somatic cell gene therapy --
2.2.2 Germline gene therapy --
2.2.3 Gene transfer system --
2.2.3.1 Nonbiological delivery system --
2.2.3.1.1 Physical method --
Sonoporation Electroporation --
Magnetofection --
Hydroporation --
Gene gun --
2.2.3.1.2 Chemical method --
Liposomes --
Polymers --
Heat shock --
2.2.3.1.3 Biological method --
Bacterial vector --
Viral vector --
Retroviral vectors --
Adenoviral vectors --
Adeno-associated vectors --
Herpes simplex virus --
2.2.4 Gene-editing technology --
2.2.4.1 Zinc-finger nucleases --
2.2.4.2 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases --
2.2.4.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas-associated nucleases --
2.2.5 Ethical issue --
2.3 Stem cell therapy --
2.3.1 Sources of stem cells 2.3.1.1 Pluripotent stem cells --
2.3.1.2 Multipotent stem cells --
2.3.2 Benefits of stem cell therapy in various disorder --
2.3.2.1 Retinal diseases --
2.3.2.2 Heart diseases --
2.3.2.3 Neural disease --
2.3.2.4 Lung disorder --
2.3.2.5 Liver disease --
2.3.3 Challenges and problems --
2.4 Nanomedicine --
2.4.1 Nano therapeutic applications --
2.4.1.1 Nano drug delivery --
2.4.1.1.1 Hydrogel --
2.4.1.1.2 Micelle --
2.4.1.1.3 Dendrimers --
2.4.1.1.4 Polymers --
2.4.1.1.5 Liposomes --
2.4.1.2 Nanosensor --
2.4.2 Tissue engineering --
2.4.3 Nanoimaging --
2.5 Drug designing and delivery 2.5.1 Rational drug design --
2.5.2 Computer-aided drug design --
2.5.2.1 In silico drug design --
2.5.2.2 Machine learning in drug design --
2.5.2.2.1 Artificial intelligence in drug design --
2.5.2.2.2 Artificial neural network in drug design --
2.5.3 Drug delivery --
2.6 Recombinant therapeutic proteins and vaccines --
2.6.1 Recombinant protein --
2.6.2 Expression system --
2.6.2.1 Bacteria --
2.6.2.2 Yeast --
2.6.2.3 Mammals --
2.6.3 Recombinant protein as a treatment --
2.6.3.1 Anemia --
2.6.3.2 Diabetes --
2.6.3.3 Human growth hormone --
2.6.3.4 Hepatitis B