Translational Autoimmunity: Volume 3: Autoimmune Disease Associated with Different Clinical Features

Front Cover
Translational Autoimmunity, Volume 3: Autoimmune Disease Associated with Different Clinical Features
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Series editor biography
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction on autoimmunity and associated conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Autoimmunity and infection
	3 Autoimmunity and genetic syndromes
	4 Autoimmunity and inborn errors of immunity
	5 Autoimmunity and malignancies
	6 Autoimmunity and associated conditions affecting patients’ quality of life
	7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Cross talks between autoimmunity and cancer
	1 Introduction
	2 Autoimmunity and cancer mechanisms: Clinical features and similar mechanisms
	3 Rheumatoid arthritis
	4 Systemic lupus erythematosus
	5 Sjögren’s syndrome
	6 Systemic sclerosis
	7 Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
	8 ANCA-associated vasculitis
		8.1 Increased risk of malignancy in other autoimmune diseases
		8.2 Increased risk of malignancy in autoimmune diseases
		8.3 Treatment of patients with autoimmune disease using long-term immunosuppressants may induce cancer
		8.4 Cancer treatment with checkpoint inhibitors induces autoimmunity
	9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Autoimmunity regulation within the tumor microenvironment
	1 Introduction
	2 Targeting immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy
	3 Coinhibitory checkpoint pathways to cancer
		3.1 CTLA-4
		3.2 PD-1/PD-L1
		3.3 TIGIT
		3.4 VISTA (PD-1 homolog)
		3.5 LAG-3
		3.6 TIM-3
		3.7 Others
	4 Costimulatory checkpoint pathways on cancer
		4.1 CD28
		4.2 GITR
		4.3 OX40
		4.4 4-1BB
		4.5 CD40
		4.6 ICOS
		4.7 CD226
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown in inborn errors of immunity
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanisms implicated in the disruption of immune tolerance in IEI
	3 Central tolerance disruption
		3.1 T cell central tolerance
			3.1.1 APECED and IEI with impaired central tolerance
			3.1.2 Therapeutic options for the treatment of autoimmune manifestations in IEI with impaired central tolerance
		3.2 B cell central tolerance
			3.2.1 Autoimmune manifestations in humoral IEI
			3.2.2 Biological drugs targeting B cells
	4 Alterations of peripheral tolerance
		4.1 Defects of the T regulatory compartment
			4.1.1 IEI with Tregs impairment
			4.1.2 Therapeutic options for the treatment of Tregopathies
		4.2 Defects in the effector compartment
			4.2.1 FAS/FASL pathway
			4.2.2 Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes (ALPS) and ALPS-like
			4.2.3 Therapeutic options for the treatment of ALPS and ALPS-like
		4.3 Lymphocytes hyperactivation and related disorders
			4.3.1 Activated PI3K δ syndrome (APDS)
			4.3.2 Therapeutic approach to APDS
		4.4 Increased type I interferon signature
			4.4.1 Clinical manifestations associated with impaired type I interferon signaling pathway
			4.4.2 Treatment options for IEI with impaired type I IFN signaling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Autoimmunity in combined immunodeficiency
	1 Introduction
		1.1 T-lymphocyte tolerance
			1.1.1 Central tolerance
			1.1.2 Peripheral tolerance
		1.2 B-lymphocyte tolerance
			1.2.1 Central tolerance
			1.2.2 Peripheral tolerance
	2 Severe combined immunodeficiencies
		2.1 Clinical presentation
			2.1.1 Omenn syndrome
			2.1.2 Atypical severe combined immunodeficiency
	3 Combined immunodeficiencies
		3.1 Background
	4 Combined immunodeficiencies associated with significant autoimmunity
		4.1 ICOS and ICOSL deficiency
		4.2 CD3 γ chain deficiency
		4.3 MHC class II deficiency
		4.4 ZAP-70 deficiency
		4.5 IKAROS deficiency
		4.6 DOCK8 deficiency
		4.7 Moesin deficiency
		4.8 Serine-threonine protein kinase 4 deficiency (mammalian sterile 20-like protein deficiency)
		4.9 LCK deficiency
		4.10 CARD11/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) complex deficiencies
	5 Combined immunodeficiencies rarely associated with autoimmunity
		5.1 CD40 ligand deficiency and CD40 deficiency
		5.2 TCR α subunit constant chain deficiency
		5.3 IL21 and IL21R deficiency
		5.4 TFRC deficiency
		5.5 Interleukin-2-inducible T-lymphocyte kinase deficiency
	6 Combined immunodeficiencies not associated with autoimmunity
		6.1 CD4 deficiency
		6.2 CD8 α chain deficiency
		6.3 OX40 deficiency
		6.4 MHC class I deficiency
		6.5 DOCK2 deficiency
		6.6 Polymerase (DNA-directed), DELTA 1, catalytic subunit (POLD1) and DELTA 2, regulatory subunit (POLD2) deficiency
		6.7 RHOH deficiency
		6.8 FCHO1 deficiency
		6.9 IKBKB deficiency
		6.10 RelA deficiency
		6.11 c-Rel deficiency
		6.12 NIK deficiency
		6.13 RelB deficiency
	7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases in primary selective IgM deficiency
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural IgM antibodies
	3 Role of IgM in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
		3.1 Murine models of autoimmune diseases
		3.2 Autoimmunity in murine models of secretory IgM deficiency and Fc μ R deficiency
		3.3 Distinct role of membrane IgM in autoimmunity
		3.4 Mechanisms of IgM autoantibody-mediated regulation of autoimmune response
	4 Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases in selective IgM deficiency
		4.1 B-cell subsets in selective IgM deficiency
		4.2 Regulatory lymphocytes in selective IgM deficiency
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 Autoimmunity and HIV infection
	1 Introduction
	2 HIV structure
	3 HIV infection
		3.1 Natural history of HIV infection
		3.2 The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)
		3.3 How does HIV affect the structure of the immune system?
		3.4 HIV reservoirs
		3.5 Chronic immune system activation in HIV infection
		3.6 “Autoinflammation” and HIV
	4 HIV and autoimmunity
		4.1 Infection and autoimmunity
			4.1.1 Infection and autoantibodies
		4.2 HIV infection and autoimmunity
			4.2.1 HIV as a direct inducer of autoimmunity
			4.2.2 Infections in the HIV patient
			4.2.3 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
			4.2.4 Autoimmune diseases in the pre-HAART and post-HAART era
			4.2.5 HIV infection and autoantibodies
	5 Autoimmune diseases in the HIV patient
		5.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus
		5.2 Antiphospholipid syndrome
		5.3 Vasculitis
		5.4 Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis or Sjögren-like syndrome
		5.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
		5.6 HIV-associated immune thrombocytopenia
		5.7 Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
		5.8 Autoimmune thyroid disease
		5.9 Autoimmune hepatitis
		5.10 Sarcoidosis
		5.11 Inflammatory bowel disease
		5.12 Inflammatory arthritis
		5.13 Psoriasis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders: Molecular connections and potential therapeutic targets
	1 Introduction
	2 Molecular mechanisms of autoimmune responses and autoimmune diseases
	3 Molecular connections between autoimmune diseases and some important metabolic disorders
		3.1 Molecular connections between autoimmune diseases and obesity
		3.2 Molecular connections between autoimmune diseases and type 2 diabetes
		3.3 Molecular connections between type 1 diabetes (an autoimmune disease) and other metabolic disorders
		3.4 Molecular connections between autoimmune diseases and insulin resistance
	4 Potential molecular targets to control autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
Chapter 9 Autoimmunity and infertility
	1 Introduction
	2 The association between autoimmunity and female infertility
		2.1 Hypothalamus and pituitary
		2.2 Premature ovarian failure
		2.3 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
		2.4 Endometriosis
			2.4.1 Autoantibodies
			2.4.2 Cellular mediated immunity
		2.5 Autoimmune conditions of the thyroid
		2.6 Autoimmune conditions of the adrenals
	3 The association between autoimmunity and male infertility
		3.1 Testicular failure
		3.2 Epididymitis
		3.3 Autoimmune prostatitis
	4 Clinical implications of serum autoantibodies in IVF/ICSI-ET
		4.1 Anti-thyroid antibodies
		4.2 Anti-nuclear antibodies
		4.3 Anti-phospholipid antibodies
		4.4 Anti-sperm antibody
		4.5 Other autoantibodies
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Autoimmune disease of the cardiovascular system
	1 Introduction
	2 Rheumatic heart disease
	3 Myocarditis
		3.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy
	4 Vasculitis
		4.1 Large-vessel vasculitis
			4.1.1 Giant cell arteritis
			4.1.2 Takayasu arteritis
		4.2 Small- and medium-vessel vasculitis
			4.2.1 Kawasaki disease
			4.2.2 Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)
			4.2.3 Polyarteritis nodosa
			4.2.4 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Allergy and autoimmunity: Share of genetics and environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Key elements regulating allergy and autoimmune disease
		2.1 Cells
			2.1.1 T cells and cytokines
			2.1.2 B cells
			2.1.3 Eosinophils
			2.1.4 Neutrophils
			2.1.5 Dendritic cells
			2.1.6 Antibodies
			2.1.7 Mast cells
		2.2 Genetic factors
			2.2.1 IgG4 related diseases and overlap
		2.3 Environmental influences
	3 Immunopathological reactions—Allergy and autoimmunity subtypes
		3.1 Type I immunopathological reactions
			3.1.1 Type I immunopathological reactions—Allergy
			3.1.2 Type I immunopathological reactions—Autoimmunity
		3.2 Type II immunopathological reactions
		3.3 Type III immunopathological reactions
		3.4 Type IV immunopathological reactions
		4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 Asthma and autoimmunity
	1 Introduction
	2 Asthma endotypes—An overview
		2.1 Type 2 high asthma endotype
		2.2 Type 2 low asthma endotype
		2.3 Mixed asthma endotypes
		2.4 From asthma endotypes to phenotypes
	3 Autoimmune responses following chronic inflammation
	4 Asthma and autoimmunity
		4.1 Chronic inflammation, tissue injury, and autoantibody generation in asthmatic airways
		4.2 Antibodies against beta-2-adrenergic receptors
		4.3 Antibodies against common endothelial/platelet antigens
		4.4 Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
		4.5 Antibodies against bronchial epithelial cells
		4.6 Antibodies against extracellular matrix and cellular junctions
		4.7 Other antibodies
		4.8 Immunoglobulin E-mediated autoimmunity
		4.9 Extensive degranulation as a driver of autoimmunity in asthma
		4.10 Investigating the role of eosinophils in autoimmune‐mediated responses in asthma
		4.11 Investigating the role of neutrophils in autoimmune‐mediated responses in asthma
		4.12 Regulatory T cells (Tregs), lymphopenia, and autoimmunity
		4.13 Investigating the role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in autoimmune‐mediated responses in asthma
		4.14 Investigating the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in autoimmune‐mediated responses in asthma
		4.15 Autoimmune phenomena in asthma: Evidence from immunohistological studies
		4.16 Asthma as an autoimmune disease: Evidence from molecular studies
		4.17 Investigating the role of autoantibodies in glucocorticosteroid (GCS) subsensitivity
		4.18 Investigating the role of dietary fatty acids (FAs) in asthma and autoimmunity
		4.19 Systemic autoimmune diseases with pulmonary manifestations
		4.20 The clinical implications of autoimmunity in asthma
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Autoimmunity in interstitial lung disease
	1 Introduction
	2 Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis
		2.1 General characteristics
		2.2 Pathophysiology of interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis
			2.2.1 Susceptibility and environmental factors
			2.2.2 Cellular involvement and biomarkers
		2.3 Treatment options for lung involvement in systemic sclerosis
	3 Rheumatoid arthritis
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Risk factors
		3.3 Pathogenesis of RA-ILD
		3.4 RA-ILD and IPF
		3.5 Early detection of RA-ILD
		3.6 Therapeutic strategies in RA-ILD
	4 Other rheumatic conditions associated with ILD
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary emphysema
	1 Introduction
	2 Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary emphysema
		2.1 Cigarette smoke-induced animal models of COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		2.2 Elastase induced animal models of COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		2.3 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced animal models of COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		2.4 Biomass/ozone exposure induced animal models of COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	3 Autoimmune responses in the pathogenesis of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	4 Regulatory T (Treg) cells in the autoimmune pathogenesis of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	5 B-cells and autoantibody-mediated lung damage in the pathogenesis of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		5.1 Epithelial autoantibodies in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		5.2 Endothelial autoantibodies in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		5.3 Autoantibodies against extracellular matrix (ECM) in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
		5.4 Autoantibodies against alveolar cellular proteins in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	6 Other autoantibodies in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	7 Complement system and autoimmunity in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	8 Role of the microbiota in COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	9 Cell-mediated autoimmune lung damage in the pathogenesis of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema
	10 Therapeutic implications
	11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Oxidative stress in oral autoimmune disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Oxidative stress and the immune system
	3 Biomarkers of oxidative stress in oral autoimmune disorders
	4 Antioxidants and related treatments for oral autoimmune disorders
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Autoimmunity and psychosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity in psychosis
	3 Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the central nervous system
	4 Autoimmune encephalitis and psychosis
	5 Multiple sclerosis and psychosis
	6 Autoimmune epilepsy and psychosis
	7 Nonneurological autoimmune disorders and psychosis
	8 Possible causal treatment of psychosis in autoimmune diseases
	9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
Index
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