Translational Autoimmunity: Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases (Volume 2) (Translational Immunology, Volume 2)

Front Cover
Translational Autoimmunity, Vol. 2: Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Series editor biography
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction on therapeutic opportunities for autoimmunity
	1 Introduction
	2 From the very first known treatment to the recent developments in therapeutic strategies
		2.1 Corticosteroids
		2.2 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
		2.3 Targeting the different immune components
		2.4 Targeting cytokines
		2.5 Targeting immune cells
		2.6 Vaccination
		2.7 Gene therapy
		2.8 Cell therapy
		2.9 Microbiota manipulation and probiotic application
		2.10 Immunometabolism
	3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Innate lymphoid cells as therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 The biology of innate lymphoid cells
		2.1 ILC1
		2.2 ILC2
		2.3 ILC3
	3 Properties and functions of ILCs
		3.1 ILCs play protective immune functions
		3.2 ILCs in homeostasis
		3.3 ILCs in disease pathology
	4 ILC in autoimmune diseases
		4.1 ILC in psoriasis
		4.2 ILC in autoimmune cardiac diseases
			4.2.1 ILC in rheumatic heart diseases
			4.2.2 ILC in autoimmune myocarditis
		4.3 ILC in inflammatory bowel disease
		4.4 ILC in systemic lupus erythematosus
		4.5 ILC in multiple sclerosis
		4.6 ILC in diabetes
			4.6.1 ILC in type 1 diabetes
			4.6.2 ILC in type 2 diabetes
		4.7 ILC in rheumatoid arthritis
	5 ILCs as immunoregulators in autoimmune diseases
	6 ILC as a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases
		6.1 Blocking the activation and/or survival signals of ILC
		6.2 Inhibiting intracellular signaling pathways leads to dysregulation of ILC populations
		6.3 Neutralization of the effector pathogenic cytokines that they produce
		6.4 Inhibition of ILC recruitment to target organs
	7 Future perspectives
	8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 B regulatory cells in patients with autoimmune diseases: Pathogenic significance and therapeutic potential
	1 Introduction
	2 Identification of Breg cells
	3 Functional properties
		3.1 IL-10 producing Breg cells
		3.2 IL-35-producing Breg cells
		3.3 TGF- β producing Breg cells
		3.4 Granzyme B expressing Breg cells
		3.5 Receptor-mediated inhibitory mechanisms
	4 B regulatory cells and autoimmunity: Pathogenic significance
		4.1 Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis as models of autoimmune rheumatic diseases
		4.2 Psoriasis as a paradigm of inflammatory skin disease
		4.3 Multiple sclerosis as a model of autoimmune neurological disorder
	5 Therapeutic potential
		5.1 In vivo maintenance/expansion of B regulatory cells following standard therapy
			5.1.1 Restoration of Breg cells in RA: The experience with the anti-CD20 mAb (rituximab)
			5.1.2 Restoration of Breg cells in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: The experience with apremilast
			5.1.3 Restoration of Breg cells in multiple sclerosis: The experience from anti-CD52mAb (alemtuzumab)
		5.2 Alternative protocols for expansion of B regulatory cells
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Regulatory T cells in autoimmunity and potential therapeutic targets
	1 Introduction
	2 Discovery of Treg cells
	3 Development and activation of Treg cells
	4 FoxP3—The transcriptional master regulator of Treg cells
	5 Phenotype of Treg cells
	6 Treg/T cell subtypes with regulatory function
		6.1 Follicular Treg cells
		6.2 FoxP3 expressing invariant NKT cells
		6.3 FoxP3 + γ δ T cells
		6.4 Double-negative regulatory T cells
		6.5 Th3 cells
		6.6 Tr1 cells
	7 Protocols for estimation of Treg cells in the peripheral blood
		7.1 Surface staining protocol (CD4 +  CD25 +  CD127 − /low)
		7.2 Intracellular staining protocol (CD4 +  CD25 +  FoxP3 +)
	8 Isolation of Treg cells for therapeutic purposes
	9 Tissue-resident Treg cells
	10 Clinical and translational significance of Treg cells
		10.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
		10.2 Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
		10.3 Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
		10.4 IPEX syndrome
		10.5 Other inborn errors of immunity with Treg dysfunction
			10.5.1 DOCK8 deficiency
			10.5.2 I κ BK β deficiency
			10.5.3 CD25 deficiency
			10.5.4 CD122 deficiency
			10.5.5 CARMIL2 deficiency
		10.6 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
		10.7 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
		10.8 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
		10.9 Kawasaki disease (KD)
	11 Regulatory T cells (Tregs) as potential therapeutic targets
	12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Application of IL-6 antagonists in autoimmune disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Signaling
	3 Roles of IL-6
	4 IL-6 in ADs and autoimmune-related disorders
	5 Laboratory clues
	6 IL-6 blockade
		6.1 Approved treatments
			6.1.1 Efficacy
			6.1.2 Adverse effects and contraindications
			6.1.3 Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
			6.1.4 Drug interactions, warnings, and immunogenicity
		6.2 Off-label use
	7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 The search for monomer-interaction-based alternative TNF- α therapies
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Role of TNF- α in inflammation
		1.2 Inflammation and TNF- α in psoriasis
		1.3 Inflammation and TNF- α in rheumatoid arthritis
	2 TNF- α in relation to stages in life
		2.1 TNF- α in pregnancy
		2.2 Inflammation (TNF- α) in aging
	3 Structure of TNF- α
		3.1 TNF- α complex structure and receptor-binding
		3.2 Posttranslational modifications of TNF- α
	4 TNF- α therapies
		4.1 Current TNF- α inhibitors
		4.2 Development and application of new TNF- α inhibitors
	5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter 7 Generation of thymic cells from pluripotent stem cells for basic research and cell therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Thymus organogenesis
	3 Thymus function
	4 Common thymic disorders
	5 Human pluripotent stem cells to TECs: A new frontier
	6 Mimicking development in vitro to generate hPSC-derived anterior foregut endoderm
	7 Generating thymic epithelial progenitor cells in vitro
	8 hPSC-derived thymic epithelial cells
	9 In vitro coculture systems to model thymic function
	10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in autoimmune diseases: a chronotherapeutic perspective?
	1 Introduction
	2 The NLRP3 inflammasome
		2.1 Structure and function
		2.2 Priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome
		2.3 Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome
	3 NLRP3 and autoimmune diseases
		3.1 NLRP3 in the systemic lupus erythematosus
		3.2 NLRP3 in the rheumatoid arthritis
		3.3 NLRP3 and the spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis
		3.4 NLRP3 and the systemic sclerosis (SSc)
		3.5 NLRP3 and the Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)
		3.6 NLRP3 in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
		3.7 NLRP3 in the type 1 diabetes (T1D)
		3.8 NLRP3 and autoimmune diseases-induced atherosclerosis
	4 The clock and autoimmune diseases
		4.1 Structure of the clock
		4.2 Clock alteration in autoimmune diseases
		4.3 The NLRP3 inflammasome is a clock-controlled pathway
	5 NLRP3 as a chronotherapeutic target for autoimmune diseases treatment
		5.1 NLRP3 inhibitors
		5.2 Caspase 1 inhibitors
		5.3 IL-1 blockade
		5.4 NLRP3 and chronotherapies
	6 Conclusion
	Fundings
	References
Chapter 9 Plasmocyte depletion in autoimmune diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 The plasmocyte
	3 New drugs targeting the humoral immunity
	4 Drugs in the pipeline
	5 Autoimmune diseases that may benefit from plasmocyte targeting
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Biological aging and autoimmunity
	1 Introduction
	2 Immunosenescence
	3 Immune and autoimmune theories of aging
	4 Autoimmune diseases, cancer, and their relations with aging
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapy in autoimmune diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Immunogenicity of mAbs and its effect on efficacy and safety
	3 Inflammatory cytokine inhibition in autoimmune diseases
		3.1 Anti-TNF- α
			3.1.1 Infliximab
			3.1.2 Adalimumab
			3.1.3 Golimumab
			3.1.4 Certolizumab pegol
			3.1.5 Etanercept
		3.2 Interleukin-6
			3.2.1 Tocilizumab
			3.2.2 Sarilumab
			3.2.3 Sirukumab
		3.3 Interleukin-17
			3.3.1 Secukinumab
			3.3.2 Ixekizumab
			3.3.3 Brodalumab
		3.4 Interleukin-23
			3.4.1 Ustekinumab
			3.4.2 Guselkumab
			3.4.3 Tildrakizumab
			3.4.4 Risankizumab
	4 ICIs in autoimmune disease
		4.1 Abatacept
		4.2 Belatacept
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Nutritional implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of autoimmune disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Body composition and metabolic health
		2.1 Overweight and obesity
		2.2 Metabolic syndrome
	3 Dietary patterns
		3.1 Western diet
		3.2 Mediterranean diet
	4 Macronutrients
		4.1 Carbohydrates
		4.2 Protein
		4.3 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
	5 Micronutrients
		5.1 Vitamin D
		5.2 Selenium
		5.3 Sodium
	6 Additional non-nutrient dietary factors
	7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Dysbiosis in autoimmune diseases
	3 Dysbiosis in autoimmune diabetes
	4 Dysbiosis in autoimmune thyroid diseases
	5 Dysbiosis in rheumatoid arthritis
	6 Dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
	7 Dysbiosis in Sjögren’s syndrome
	8 Probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases
	9 Probiotics in autoimmune diabetes
	10 Probiotics in autoimmune thyroid diseases
	11 Probiotics in rheumatoid arthritis
	12 Probiotics in systemic lupus erythematous
	13 Probiotics in Sjögren’s syndrome
	14 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Precision medicine to manage chronic immune-related conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Immunosenescence
		2.1 Hallmarks of immunosenescence and inflammatory pathways
		2.2 Senolytic therapies
	3 Diabetes mellitus
		3.1 Immune system and inflammatory factors in diabetes
		3.2 Immunomodulatory therapies for diabetes
	4 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
		4.1 Immune system involvement in cardiovascular pathology
		4.2 Inflammatory pathways in cardiovascular disease
		4.3 Potentials for novel therapies and diagnostics
	5 Musculoskeletal conditions and arthritis
		5.1 Immune system involvement in arthritis
		5.2 Potential for precision medicine in arthritis
	6 Mental health conditions
		6.1 Inflammation as a cardinal feature in depression
		6.2 Antiinflammatory treatments to target depression
	7 Cancer
		7.1 Immune system involvement and inflammatory pathways in cancer
		7.2 Potential for precision medicine in cancer diagnostics and novel therapies
	8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 15 New advanced therapy medicinal products in treatment of autoimmune diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Autoimmune disorders
		2.1 Type 1 diabetes
			2.1.1 Cell therapy
			2.1.2 Tissue engineering
			2.1.3 Gene therapy
	2.2 Rheumatoid arthritis
		2.2.1 Cell therapy
		2.2.2 Gene therapy
	2.3 Multiple sclerosis
		2.3.1 Cell therapy
	2.4 Autoimmune skin disorders
		2.4.1 Vitiligo
			Cell therapy
		2.4.2 Scleroderma
			Cell therapy
		2.4.3 Pemphigus
			Cell therapy
		2.4.4 Psoriasis
			Cell therapy
	2.5 Autoimmune digestive disorders
		2.5.1 Celiac disease
			Cell therapy
		2.5.2 Inflammatory bowel disease
			Cell therapy for CD
			Cell therapy for UC
	2.6 Systemic lupus erythematosus
		2.6.1 Cell therapy
	2.7 Autoimmune vasculitis
		2.7.1 Cell therapy
	3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Targeting autoimmune disorders through metal nanoformulation in overcoming the fences of conventional treatment approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanotechnology and nanomaterials
		2.1 Classification of nanoparticles
		2.2 Metal-based nanoparticles
			2.2.1 Production of metallic NPs
		2.3 Characteristic of metal nanoparticles as a delivery system
			2.3.1 Smaller size and great surface area-to-volume ratio
			2.3.2 Shape and morphology reliance
			2.3.3 Biocompatibility, inertness, and simplicity of surface modifications
			2.3.4 Surface properties
			2.3.5 Drug loading and release
	3 Targeting of metal nanoparticles for autoimmune conditions
		3.1 Gold nanoparticles
		3.2 Silver nanoparticles
		3.3 Miscellaneous
			3.3.1 Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
			3.3.2 Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)
			3.3.3 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and ferromagnetic nanoparticles
			3.3.4 Copper-based nanoparticles
	4 Safety concern of metallic nanoparticles
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 17 Immunomodulatory effects of parasites on autoimmunity
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of action in helminth therapy
	3 Application and protective roles of helminth therapy
	4 Current challenges in helminth therapy
	5 Animal models for helminth therapy
	6 Immunomodulatory roles of parasites on inflammatory or autoimmune diseases
	7 Leishmaniasis and autoimmune disorders
	8  Toxoplasmosis and autoimmune disorders
	9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Prediction of autoimmune diseases: From bench to bedside
	1 Introduction
	2 Using genetics to estimate the risk of developing AIDs
		2.1 Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
		2.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
		2.3 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
		2.4 Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)
	3 Epigenetics to predict AIDs
		3.1 T1D
		3.2 SLE
		3.3 RA
		3.4 SS
	4 Using antibodies and serum biomarkers to predict AIDs
		4.1 T1D
		4.2 SLE
		4.3 RA
		4.4 SS
	5 Perspectives
		5.1 Multiplex assay technologies (MAS)
	6 Prevention
		6.1 T1D
		6.2 SLE
		6.3 RA
	7 Conclusion
	References
Index
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