Transition Towards a Sustainable Biobased Economy

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Green Chemistry Series
Transition Towards a Sustainable Biobased Economy
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Contents
1. Introduction: Tackling Uncertainty in the Biobased Economy Through Science
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Proposed Framework of Analysis: Science–Policy and Science–Market Bridges for Reducing Uncertainty
		1.2.1 Techno-economic Uncertainty
		1.2.2 Environmental and Social Uncertainty
		1.2.3 Mapping and Bridging Uncertainty in the Biobased Economy
	1.3 Uncertainty Map and Book Structure
	1.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
2. Upstream Environmental Assessment
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Sugar Sources – Sugar Beet
			2.1.1.1 Environmental Sustainability of Sugar Beet
			2.1.2.1 Environmental Sustainability of Maize
		2.1.2 Sugar Sources – Maize
	2.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Fermentable Sugars
		2.2.1 Maize and Stover Processing
		2.2.2 Sugar Beet Processing
		2.2.3 Selected Environmental Impact Categories
		2.2.4 Allocation
	2.3 Results and Discussion
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
3. Downstream Environmental Assessment
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Literature Review
		3.2.1 Industrial Best Practice Indicators
	3.3 Methodology
		3.3.1 Selection Criteria for LCA Complementary Efficiency Indicators
		3.3.2 Conventional LCA Indicators
		3.3.3 Novel and Existing Efficiency and Circular Metrics
			3.3.3.1 Product Renewability
			3.3.3.2 Process Material Circularity
			3.3.3.3 Energy Intensity
		3.3.4 LCA of STAR-ProBio Case Studies
		3.3.5 Goal, Scope and Functional Unit
		3.3.6 Process Description
		3.3.7 Scenario Description
		3.3.8 Packaging Films
			3.3.8.1 Mulch Films
			3.3.8.2 Polymer Resins
			3.3.8.3 Assumptions and Other Considerations
	3.4 Result Interpretations: Gate-to-gate Impact and Resource Efficiency
		3.4.1 Sensitivity Study: The Impact of Resource Efficiency and Waste Minimisation Strategies
			3.4.1.1 Limitations of the Proposed Sustainability Analysis Methods
	3.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4. Techno-economic Sustainability Assessment: Methodological Approaches for Biobased Products
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Techno-economic Sustainability Analysis
	4.2 Techno-economy Sustainability Analysis Methodology for Renewable Feedstock Resources Used for Biobased Products
		4.2.1 Natural Renewable Resources – Introduction
			4.2.1.1 Natural Renewable Resources and Resource Use Efficiency
			4.2.1.2 Techno-economic Sustainability Assessment in Relation to Biomass
		4.2.2 Objectives
		4.2.3 Methodological Approach to Resource Use in TESA
			4.2.3.1 Supply Chain and Life Cycle Material Flow Scheme
			4.2.3.2 Biomass Resources
			4.2.3.3 Abiotic Resources
			4.2.3.4 TEA approach in the Sustainability Aspects
		4.2.4 Recapitulation
	4.3 Techno-economy Sustainability and Analysis Methodology for Conversion Routes of Renewable Feedstock Resources to Biobased Products
		4.3.1 Methodology Development
			Step 1: Identification of International Standards, Initiatives and Legi
			Step 2: Literature Review on Techno-economic Sustainability Studies for
			Step 3: Identification of Gaps on Techno-economic & Sustainability Ind
			Step 4: Development of Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Techno-
		4.3.2 System Boundaries
		4.3.3 Scope of the Techno-economic & Sustainability Assessment
		4.3.4 TESA Principle, Criteria & Indicators
	4.4 Techno-economy Sustainability Analysis Methodology for Alternative EoL Options for Post-consumer Biobased Products
		4.4.1 Methodology
		4.4.2 TESA Criteria for Alternative EoL Options for Post-consumer/Post-consumer/Post-industrial Biobased Products
	Acknowledgements
	References
5. Market Assessment
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Sustainability Transition Towards a Biobased Economy
		5.2.1 Sustainability Transition in Sociotechnical Regimes
		5.2.2 Quality Infrastructure and Sustainability Assessment Schemes
		5.2.3 User Acceptance
		5.2.4 User Acceptance in Transition Processes
	5.3 Importance of Sustainability Criteria and Research Gaps
		5.3.1 Fundamental Characteristics of Relevance for Consumers of Sustainable Biobased Products
		5.3.2 Environmental Topics of Relevance for Consumers of Sustainable Biobased Зкщвгсеы
		5.3.3 Social and Economic Criteria of Relevance for Consumers of Sustainable Biobased Зкщвгсеы
		5.3.4 Research Gaps Regarding Sustainability Assessment Schemes for Biobased Products
	5.4 Research Methodology
	5.5 End Consumers’ and Professionals’ Sustainability Preferences
		5.5.1 Propensity to Buy Biobased Products and Importance of Specific Kinds of Information for the Buying Decisions
		5.5.2 Preferences Regarding Environmental Aspects
		5.5.3 Preferences Regarding Social and Economic Aspects
	5.6 Relevance of Sustainability Certification
	5.7 Additional Important Factors for Buying Decisions
	5.8 Market Assessment for Specific Products
	5.9 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
6. Social Assessment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methodology
		6.2.1 Main Features
		6.2.2 Measurement Challenges
	6.3 S-LCA Applied to Bio-based Products: A General Framework
		6.3.1 Stakeholder Engagement in Social Sustainability Studies
	6.4 Results and Discussion
		6.4.1 Stakeholder Identification and Classification
		6.4.2 Stakeholders Mapping According to Their Power and Interest
		6.4.3 Stakeholders Validation of Social Impact Categories, Subcategories and Indicators
	6.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7. Indirect Land Use Change and Bio-based Products
	7.1 Traditional and Novel Uses of Land
	7.2 Direct and Indirect Land Use Changes
	7.3 Evidence of iLUC Effects
	7.4 Consequences and Magnitude of the LUC
	7.5 Assessment of LUC Impacts
		7.5.1 LUC Impacts and the Time Dimension
		7.5.2 Food vs. Fuel Debate
	7.6 iLUC Assessment and Related Uncertainties
		7.6.1 Economic Equilibrium Models
		7.6.2 Causal Descriptive Models
		7.6.3 Uncertainties Related to Existing Models
		7.6.4 The Renewable Energy Directive RED II: An Example of Normative Framework
	7.7 The STAR-ProBio Approach: The SydiLUC Model
	7.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
8. Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Subject Index