Transgenic Technology Based Value Addition in Plant Biotechnology

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Transgenic Technology Based Value Addition in Plant Biotechnology
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
one Bioprospecting of biodiversity for improvement of agronomic traits in plants
	1.1 Salinity
	1.2 Drought
	1.3 Low temperature
	1.4 Quantitative trait locus–based analysis of traits
	1.5 Disease tolerance
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Further reading
two Plant tissue culture: agriculture and industrial applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Micropropagation as a multiplication method
		2.2.1 Stage 0: Preparation of donor plant
		2.2.2 Stage I: Initiation stage
		2.2.3 Stage II: Multiplication stage
		2.2.4 Stage III: Rooting stage
		2.2.5 Stage IV: Acclimatization stage
	2.3 Organ cultures
	2.4 Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds
	2.5 Haploid development via tissue culture
	2.6 Pathogen-free plant propagation
	2.7 Tissue culture and plant breeding
	2.8 Plant tissue culture and development of transgenic plants
	2.9 Somaclonal variation and its importance in plant improvement
	2.10 Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization
	2.11 Elicitation for enrichment of phytocompounds
	2.12 Precursor addition
	2.13 Hairy root culture and genetic manipulation
	2.14 Endophytes and secondary metabolites
	2.15 Bioreactor scaling
	2.16 Immobilization scaling
	2.17 In vitro germplasm storage
	2.18 Conclusion and future perspective
	References
Three Genome editing technologies for value-added traits in plants
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Techniques of genome editing
		3.2.1 Zinc-finger nucleases
		3.2.2 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
		3.2.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas (CRISPR associated)
	3.3 Application of genome editing systems
		3.3.1 Multiplexing and trait stacking
		3.3.2 High-throughput mutant libraries
		3.3.3 Gene regulation
		3.3.4 Targeted structural changes in crop species
	3.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
four Bioinformatic tools to understand structure and function of plant proteins
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 In silico structural and functional characterization proteins
	4.3 Sequence-based approach
		4.3.1 Biophysical characterization of proteins
		4.3.2 Structure prediction
			4.3.2.1 Secondary structure prediction
			4.3.2.2 Tertiary structure prediction
			4.3.2.3 Model validation and evaluation
	4.4 Function prediction
		4.4.1 Fold recognition/assignment
		4.4.2 Structure-based function prediction
		4.4.3 Active site prediction
	4.5 Summary
	References
five Transgenic technology for efficient abiotic stress tolerance in plants
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Transgenic approaches for engineering heat and cold tolerance in plants
	5.3 Transgenic approaches for engineering salinity stress tolerance in plants
	5.4 Transgenic approaches for engineering drought stress tolerance in plants
	5.5 Transgenic approaches for increased flooding stress tolerance in plants
	5.6 Improving plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency through genetic engineering
	5.7 Improving plant tolerance to heavy metal stress tolerance through transgenic approaches
	5.8 Conclusion
	5.9 Future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
six Transgenic technologies for efficient insect pest management in crop plants
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Bt genes
		6.2.1 Bt strains and toxins
		6.2.2 Applications
	6.3 First-generation genome editing technology
		6.3.1 RNA interference
		6.3.2 RNAi pathways and mechanism
		6.3.3 Oral delivery method of dsRNA
			6.3.3.1 Sprayable RNA interference approach
			6.3.3.2 Nanoparticles-coated RNAi
		6.3.4 Plant-mediated RNAi
	6.4 Second-generation genome editing technology
	6.5 CRISPR against insects
	6.6 Nematode resistance in crop plants
	6.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
seven Transgenic plants with improved nutrient use efficiency
	7.1 Nitrogen
		7.1.1 Nitrogen use efficiency
		7.1.2 Transgenic crops with elevated nitrogen use efficiency
	7.2 Phosphorus
		7.2.1 Phosphorus utilization efficiency
		7.2.2 Transgenic with elevated phosphorus utilization efficiency
	7.3 Sulfur
		7.3.1 Transgenic with elevated SUE
	References
eight Genome editing of staple crop plants to combat iron deficiency
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Iron uptake and transport
		8.2.1 Root uptake: iron uptake Strategy I and Strategy II
		8.2.2 Chelators and long-distance transport of iron
		8.2.3 Iron storage and vacuole sequestration
	8.3 Genetic engineering to improve iron content in crops
		8.3.1 Enhancing iron storage
		8.3.2 Increasing iron translocation
		8.3.3 Improving iron uptake
		8.3.4 Multigene expression
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
nine Transgenic technology to improve therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants
	9.1 History of medicinal plants and natural products
	9.2 Natural products: biosynthesis and classification
		9.2.1 Terpenes
		9.2.2 Alkaloids
		9.2.3 Phenolics
	9.3 Use of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites in traditional and modern medicine
	9.4 Technologies for enhancement of secondary metabolites
		9.4.1 Elicitors
			9.4.1.1 Abiotic elicitors
			9.4.1.2 Biotic elicitors
		9.4.2 Homologous overexpression of therapeutic molecule/secondary metabolite biosynthesis key genes
		9.4.3 Ectopic expression of genes to produce therapeutic molecule/secondary metabolite
		9.4.4 Role of miRNAs in increasing the production of secondary metabolites
		9.4.5 Artificial miRNAs for secondary metabolites enhancement
		9.4.6 Regulating the expression of transcription factors
		9.4.7 Regulating the endogenous levels of phytohormones involved in terpenoid biosynthesis
		9.4.8 Regulating interrelated primary metabolic pathways
	9.5 New approaches of engineering plant metabolic pathways to enhance secondary metabolites
	References
ten Application of transgenic technologies in biofuel production through photosynthetic chassis—new paradigms from gene min...
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology
	10.3 Improving photosynthesis
	10.4 Formation of essential products via photosynthetic chassis
		10.4.1 Sugars
		10.4.2 Lipids
	10.5 Terpenes
	10.6 Muconic acid
	10.7 Gene mining to genome editing
	10.8 Challenges and future opportunities
	Acknowledgments
	References
eleven Genetic engineering of horticultural crops contributes to the improvement of crop nutritional quality and shelf life
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Conventional strategies to prolong the shelf life
	11.3 The metabolic basis underlying fruit ripening and shelf life
	11.4 Metabolic alterations incorporating the increased shelf life
	11.5 Transgenic technology as a promising tool for crop nutritional quality and shelf life improvements
	11.6 Resistance to biotic stress factors
	11.7 Resistance to abiotic stress factors
	11.8 Biofortification of fruits and vegetables
	11.9 Genome editing as an efficient approach to develop crops with better nutritional qualities
	11.10 Commercialization of GM fruits and vegetables
	11.11 Conclusion
	References
twelve Transgenic food crops: public acceptance and IPR
	12.1 Transgenic technology for genetic modification of plants
	12.2 Adoption and commercial benefits of biotech crops
	12.3 Transgenic hybrids in India
	12.4 Perceived risks of genetically modified crops
		12.4.1 Consumption of foreign DNA
		12.4.2 Allergenicity
		12.4.3 Horizontal transfer of genetic material
		12.4.4 Super plants an environmental risk
		12.4.5 Effect on nontarget organism
		12.4.6 Contamination of environment with genetically modified proteins
	12.5 Safety assessment of genetically modified technology
		12.5.1 Codex Alimentarius and Codex Alimentarius Commission
		12.5.2 Framework for safety assessment
	12.6 Assessment of possible allergenicity
		12.6.1 Source of the gene
		12.6.2 Sequence homology studies
		12.6.3 Physiochemical stability
		12.6.4 Serum screening
		12.6.5 Testing models
	12.7 Potential accumulation of substances significant to human health
	12.8 Intellectual property rights in transgenic agriculture biotechnology
		12.8.1 Trade secrets
		12.8.2 Geographical indications
		12.8.3 Trademarks
		12.8.4 Copyright and related rights
		12.8.5 International organization and agreements for intellectual property rights protection
		12.8.6 Patents
		12.8.7 Indian legislation on Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights
	12.9 Conclusion and future prospects
	References
Index
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