Transformations : women, gender and psychology

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Part 1 Introduction......Page 24
Chapter 1 Paving the Way......Page 27
Beginnings......Page 28
How Did the Psychology of Women Get Started?......Page 29
Psychology and the Women’s Movement......Page 30
Voices from the Margins: A History......Page 31
Feminism Has Many Meanings......Page 32
Psychology’s Methods......Page 34
Toward Gender-Fair Research......Page 36
Feminist Values in Research......Page 38
About This Book......Page 40
A Personal Reflection......Page 41
Exploring Further......Page 42
Part 2 Gender in Social Context......Page 44
Chapter 2 Gender, Status, and Power......Page 47
Gender Shapes Societies and Cultures......Page 49
Justifying Gender Inequality......Page 50
Gender Shapes Social Interactions......Page 52
Constructing Gender through Female Bodies......Page 53
Gender as a Presentation of Self......Page 54
“Doing Gender”......Page 56
Constructing Gender in Interaction......Page 57
Justifying Inequality......Page 65
Sexist Attitudes......Page 67
Linking the Levels of Gender: A Summary......Page 68
Transforming Interpersonal Relations......Page 70
Transforming the Structures of Inequality......Page 71
Exploring Further......Page 72
Chapter 3 Images of Women......Page 73
Words Can Never Hurt Me?......Page 74
Language about Women and Men......Page 75
Representing Women and Men......Page 78
Face-ism......Page 81
Sexual Objectification......Page 83
Invisible Women......Page 89
The Content of Gender Stereotypes......Page 92
Sexuality Stereotypes......Page 94
The Intersectionality of Gender and Ethnic Stereotypes......Page 95
Are Stereotypes Accurate?......Page 97
Stereotypes Are Hard to Change......Page 98
Stereotypes, the Self, and Stereotype Threat......Page 99
How Not to Stereotype......Page 100
Challenging Objectification......Page 101
Exploring Further......Page 103
Chapter 4 The Meanings of Difference......Page 104
The Politics of Difference and Similarity......Page 105
Defining Difference and Similarity......Page 108
Measuring Differences......Page 109
Interpreting Results: Values and Ideology in Research......Page 111
Gendering Cognition: “Girls Can’t Do Math”......Page 112
What Factors Influence Math Performance?......Page 113
Social Implications of Gendered Cognition......Page 118
Gendering Emotion: “Boys Don’t Cry”......Page 120
Emotion Stereotypes......Page 121
Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotionality......Page 122
Emotionality and Social Interaction......Page 123
Social Implications of Gendered Emotionality......Page 125
The Individual Level: Thinking Critically about Differences and Similarities......Page 127
The Sociocultural Level: Creating Opportunities for Equality......Page 128
Exploring Further......Page 129
Part 3 Gender and Development......Page 131
Chapter 5 Sex, Gender, and Bodies......Page 134
Sexual Differentiation during Fetal Development......Page 136
Variations in Fetal Development: Intersexuality......Page 137
Intersexuality and Identity......Page 141
Transgender Identity......Page 145
Sex and Sexual Orientation......Page 147
Hormones and Sexual Orientation......Page 148
Constructing Two Sexes......Page 149
Rethinking Gender Dysphoria......Page 151
More Than Two Sexes......Page 152
Genderqueer......Page 154
Transforming Society: Equality for Gender Minorities......Page 156
Exploring Further......Page 157
Chapter 6 Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence......Page 158
Social Learning Theory......Page 159
Cognitive Theories......Page 162
Gender in the Child’s Daily Life......Page 165
Parental Influences......Page 166
Peer Influences......Page 168
Gendered Environments......Page 170
Media Influences......Page 172
Intersectionality, and Gender Typing......Page 176
Children and Poverty......Page 177
Changing Bodies......Page 178
Gender Intensification......Page 180
Who Is This New Self?......Page 181
Peer Culture and Harassment......Page 182
Making a Difference......Page 183
Transforming Social Interactions: Enlarging the Options for Girls......Page 184
Exploring Further......Page 186
Part 4 Gendered Life Paths......Page 188
Chapter 7 Sex, Love, and Romance......Page 191
Contemporary Sexual Scripts......Page 193
Sexual Scripts Differ across Ethnic Groups and Cultures......Page 195
How Does Sexuality Emerge in the Teen Years?......Page 196
What Factors Influence the Decision to Have Sex?......Page 197
First Intercourse: Less Than Bliss?......Page 198
Women’s Experiences of Orgasm......Page 199
Evils of Masturbation or Joys of Self-Pleasure?......Page 200
Defining Sexual Orientation......Page 201
Developing a Lesbian or Bisexual Identity......Page 202
Intersections of Ethnic and Sexual Identity......Page 204
Hookup Culture?......Page 205
The Subtle Scripts of Sexual Initiative and Pleasure......Page 207
Sexual Scripts and Sexual Dysfunction......Page 208
Cultural Variations in the United States......Page 209
Disability and Sexuality......Page 210
Is Sex Talk Sexist?......Page 211
Studs and Sluts: Is There Still a Double Standard?......Page 212
Silencing Girls’ Sexuality......Page 213
Controlling Women’s Sexuality......Page 216
Making a Difference......Page 217
Safer and Better Sex......Page 218
Exploring Further......Page 219
Chapter 8 Commitments: Women and Close Relationships......Page 221
Marriage......Page 222
Who Marries and When?......Page 223
Who Marries Whom?......Page 224
Varieties of Marriage......Page 225
Power in Marriage......Page 227
Happily Ever After? Marital Satisfaction and Psychological Adjustment......Page 230
Lesbian and Heterosexual Couples Compared......Page 232
Characteristics of Lesbian Marriages and Relationships......Page 233
Power and Satisfaction in Lesbian Relationships......Page 234
Who Cohabits and Why?......Page 235
Does Living Together Affect Later Marriage?......Page 236
Ending the Commitment: Separation and Divorce......Page 237
What Are the Causes and Consequences of Divorce?......Page 238
Remarriage......Page 242
Marriage Equality for Lesbian and Gay Couples......Page 243
True Partnership: Equality in Heterosexual Marriage......Page 244
Exploring Further......Page 245
Chapter 9 Mothering......Page 247
Images of Mothers and Motherhood......Page 249
Why Do Women Choose to Have Children?......Page 250
Childless by Choice or Circumstance?......Page 251
Restricting Women’s Choices......Page 252
Technology and Choice......Page 255
The Transition to Motherhood......Page 256
Psychological Effects of Bodily Changes during Pregnancy......Page 257
Motherhood and Women’s Identity......Page 260
The Event of Childbirth......Page 261
Is Childbirth a Medical Crisis?......Page 262
Family-Centered Childbirth......Page 263
Depression Following Childbirth: Why?......Page 264
Experiences of Mothering......Page 265
Teen Mothers......Page 266
Single Mothers......Page 267
Black Mothers and the Matriarchal Myth......Page 268
LGBT Mothers......Page 269
Making a Difference......Page 270
Transforming Social Policy: Redefining Family Values......Page 271
Transforming Social Meanings: Redefining Parenthood......Page 272
Exploring Further......Page 274
Chapter 10 Work and Achievement......Page 276
If She Isn’t Paid, Is It Still Work?......Page 277
Relational Work: Keeping Everybody Happy......Page 279
Status Work: The Two-Person Career......Page 280
What Are the Costs and Benefits of Invisible Work?......Page 281
Occupational Segregation......Page 282
Women’s Work as “Only Natural”......Page 283
The Wage Gap......Page 284
Evaluating Women’s Performance......Page 287
Discrimination in Hiring and Promotion......Page 288
Social Reactions to Token Women......Page 289
The Importance of Mentoring......Page 291
Leadership: Do Women Do It Differently?......Page 295
Defining Sexual Harassment......Page 296
The Prevalence of Harassment......Page 297
The Consequences of Harassment......Page 298
Expectancies, Values, and Career Paths......Page 299
High-Achieving Women......Page 301
What Are the Benefits of the Balancing Act?......Page 303
Making A Difference: Women, Work, and Social Policy......Page 304
Exploring Further......Page 305
Chapter 11 The Second Half: Midlife and Aging......Page 307
Is There a Double Standard of Aging?......Page 309
Ageism......Page 310
Cross-Cultural Differences......Page 311
Self-Identity and Social Identity......Page 312
Invisibility......Page 313
The Effects of Age Stereotypes......Page 314
Physical Health in Middle and Later Life......Page 315
Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy......Page 317
The Medicalization of Menopause......Page 318
Constructing the Object of Desire......Page 319
Exercise and Fitness......Page 321
Sexuality in Middle and Later Life......Page 322
Becoming a Grandmother......Page 325
Caregiving: Its Costs and Rewards......Page 327
Loss of a Life Partner......Page 329
Women in Their Prime......Page 330
Retirement......Page 331
Transforming Society: Elder Activism......Page 332
Transforming Social Interaction: Taking Charge of the Second Half......Page 333
Exploring Further......Page 334
Part 5 Gender and Well-Being......Page 336
Chapter 12 Violence against Women......Page 339
The Gender System and Violence......Page 341
‘Honor’-based Violence......Page 342
Sex Trafficking......Page 343
Gender Violence as Entertainment......Page 344
Pornography......Page 346
Violence and Social Media......Page 348
Child Sexual Abuse......Page 349
Dating Violence......Page 350
Stalking......Page 351
Sexual Coercion and Acquaintance Rape......Page 352
Violence in Long-Term Relationships......Page 354
How Can Relationship Violence Be Ended?......Page 358
Elder Abuse......Page 359
Widow Abuse......Page 360
Making a Difference......Page 361
A Multifaceted Approach to Interventions......Page 362
Women’s Rights Are Human Rights......Page 363
Exploring Further......Page 365
Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Women’s Well-Being......Page 366
Sexist Bias in Defining Disorders......Page 367
Women’s Behavior as Abnormal......Page 368
Blaming Women for Distress and Disorders......Page 369
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)......Page 370
Gender-Linked Psychological Disorders......Page 371
Why Are There Gender-Related Differences in the Rates of Some Disorders?......Page 372
Which Disorders Are Diagnosed More Frequently in Women?......Page 373
Institutionalizing Women......Page 378
Medicating Women......Page 381
Traditional Psychotherapy......Page 384
Feminist Therapy......Page 385
Intersectionality and Feminist Therapy......Page 386
Evaluating Feminist Therapy......Page 389
Transforming Social Relations: Challenging the “Crazy Woman” Stereotype......Page 391
Exploring Further......Page 392
Chapter 14 Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women......Page 393
Contemporary Feminism......Page 394
Images and Stereotypes of Feminists......Page 396
Attitudes toward Feminism......Page 397
The Changing Face of Psychology......Page 399
What Can One Student Do?......Page 400
Exploring Further......Page 401
References......Page 403
Name Index......Page 449
Subject Index......Page 472