Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Series Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
 1.1 Operational Amplifiers......Page 18
 1.2 Wheatstone Bridge Circuits......Page 25
 1.3 Voltage and Current Sources......Page 28
 1.4 Chopper-Stabilized Amplifiers......Page 30
 1.5 Linearization......Page 32
 1.6 Multi vibrators......Page 36
 2.1 Potentiometers......Page 38
 2.2 Resistance Thermometers......Page 44
 2.3 Thermistors......Page 53
 2.4 Metallic Strain Gages......Page 64
 2.5 Semiconductor Strain Gages......Page 75
 3.1 Linear Variable Differential Transformers......Page 84
 3.2 Linear Variable Reluctance Transducers......Page 103
 3.3 Inductive Proximity Detectors......Page 105
 3.4 Tachometers......Page 106
 4.1 Basics of Capacitance......Page 114
 4.2 Capacitance Measurement Circuitry......Page 115
 4.3 Capacitive Proximity Detectors......Page 118
 4.4 Capacitive Displacement Measurement......Page 119
 4.5 Pressure Measurement......Page 122
 4.6 Capacitive Level Measurement......Page 124
 4.7 Moisture and Humidity Measurement......Page 129
 4.8 Composition Analysis......Page 130
 5.1 Thermocouples......Page 132
 5.2 Piezoelectric Transducers......Page 149
 6.1 Conductivity and Its Measurement......Page 166
 6.2 pH and Its Measurement......Page 179
 6.3 Oxidation-Reduction Potential......Page 193
 6.4 Selective Ion Electrodes......Page 195
 7.1 Temperature......Page 200
 7.3 Fabrication of Silicon Mechanical Devices......Page 202
 7.4 Pressure......Page 205
 7.5 Acceleration......Page 209
 7.6 Hall-Effect Sensors......Page 210
 7.7 Photodiodes......Page 212
 7.8 Ion- Sensitive Devices......Page 213
 7.9 Integrated Gas Chromatograph......Page 215
 7.10 The Future......Page 216
 8.1 Differential Pressure Devices......Page 220
 8.2 Open-Channel Flow......Page 229
 8.3 Vortex-Shedding Meters......Page 231
 8.4 Magnetic Flowmeters......Page 234
 8.5 Ultrasonic Flowmeters......Page 238
 8.6 Thermal Flowmeters......Page 240
 8.7 Turbine and Positive Displacement Flowmeters......Page 241
 8.8 Other Flowmeters......Page 242
 9.1 Selecting the Sensor......Page 244
 9.2 Sheathed Probe Assemblies......Page 248
 9.3 Thermowells and Protection Tubes......Page 254
 9.4 Other Temperature Measurement Assemblies......Page 257
 9.5 Accuracy Considerations......Page 260
 9.6 Air and Gas Temperatures......Page 262
 9.7 Surface Temperature Measurement......Page 266
 9.8 Cryogenics......Page 268
 9.10 Noncontact Temperature Measurement......Page 271
 10.1 Pressure Measurement......Page 276
 10.2 Pressure Calibration Standards......Page 295
 10.3 Vacuum Measurement......Page 300
 10.4 Vacuum Gage Calibration......Page 304
 10.5 Force Measurement......Page 306
 10.6 Torque Measurement......Page 311
 10.7 Weight and Mass Measurement......Page 312
11. Level Measurement......Page 316
 11.1 Floats and Buoyancy Measurements......Page 317
 11.2 Pressure-Based Measurements......Page 321
 11.4 Impedance Measurements......Page 323
 11.5 Level Detectors......Page 324
 11.7 Ultrasonic Echo Measurements......Page 328
12. Interfacing to Computers......Page 330
 12.1 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 331
 12.2 Communicating with the Converter......Page 343
 12.3 Programming Considerations......Page 350
 12.4 Analog Considerations......Page 356
 12.5 Applications Considerations......Page 364
 12.6 The IEEE- 488 Bus......Page 371
 12.7 Data Acquisition Systems and Subsystems......Page 372
Bibliography......Page 376
Index......Page 380