Transdisciplinarity

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
1 Introduction to Integrated Science: Transdisciplinarity
	1 Introduction
	2 Transdisciplinary, a Strong Knowledge Integration Method
	3 Transdisciplinary Versus Multi- and Interdisciplinary Method
	4 Transdisciplinary Origin
	5 Transdisciplinary Research Process
		5.1 Problem Formulation and Interpretation
		5.2 Data Integration Methods
	6 Transdisciplinary Outcomes
	7 Transdisciplinary Pros and Cons
	8 Conclusion
	References
2 Chaos Theoretical Explanation to Each Development of Evolution Theory, Psychology, Physics, and Philosophy
	1 Introduction
	2 Explanation of Chaos Theory
		2.1 Definition of Chaos Theory
		2.2 The Relation Between Continuous Covariation and Chaos Theory
	3 The Relation Between Entropy Change and Chaos Theory
	4 Mathematical Classification: Inside and Outside Chaos Theory
	5 Relation Between Time and Chaos Theory
	6 The Relation Between Thinking and Chaos Theory
		6.1 The Relation Between Entropy Decrease and Human Life
		6.2 The Relation Between Counseling and Chaos Theory
		6.3 The Relation Between Chaos Theory and computer’s Human Face Recognition
	7 The Relation Between Chaos Theory and Development of Evolution Theory
		7.1 The Relation Between Evolution Theory and Myth
		7.2 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Darwin’s Theory
		7.3 The Relation Between Non-assertive Thinking and Imanishi’s Theory
		7.4 The Relation Between Decreasing Entropy Thinking and Gene’s Learning Evolution Theory
	8 The Relation Between Chaos Theory and Development of Psychology
		8.1 The Relation Between Psychology and Myth
		8.2 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Freud’s Psychology
		8.3 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Adler’s Psychology
		8.4 The Relation Between Non-assertive Thinking and Jung’s Psychology
		8.5 The Relation Between Decreasing Entropy Thinking and Rogers’ Psychology
	9 The Relation Between Chaos Theory and Development of Physics
		9.1 The Relation Between Physics and Myth
		9.2 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Newton’s Equation
		9.3 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Einstein’s Equation
		9.4 The Relation Between Non-assertive Thinking and Quantum Mechanics
		9.5 The Relation Between Decreasing Entropy Thinking and New Gravitational Equation
	10 The Relation Between Chaos Theory and Development of Philosophy
		10.1 The Relation Between Philosophy and Myth
		10.2 The Relation Between Assertive Thinking and Greek Philosophy
		10.3 The Relation Between Non-assertive Thinking and Russell’s Philosophy
		10.4 The Relation Between Chaos Theoretical Thinking and Russell’s Five Postulates
		10.5 The Relation Between Decreasing Entropy Thinking and Philosophy
	11 Results
	12 Discussion
	13 Conclusion
	References
3 Managerial Problems and Cultural Heritage in Information Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Enduring Failures
	3 Efforts of Researchers and Practitioners
	4 Why Do Managers Fall Short of Expectations?
	5 The Search for a Discipline
	6 The Source of Knowledge
	7 Doubts
		7.1 Low and High Levels of Responsibility
		7.2 Outsourcing
		7.3 Project Leaders and Stakeholders
	8 Interdisciplinary Notions
	9 Conclusion
	References
4 On the Essential Unity of Mathematics, Science, and Art: The Justice Evaluation Function and the Golden Number
	1 Introduction
	2 The Justice Evaluation and the Justice Evaluation Function
		2.1 The Human Sense of Justice: Justice Theory
			2.1.1 Four Central Questions
			2.1.2 Three Basic Actors
			2.1.3 Four Basic Quantities
			2.1.4 Four Basic Functions
			2.1.5 Remarks About Justice Theory
		2.2 A Closer Look at the Justice Evaluation Function
	3 The Golden Number
	4 The Justice Approach to Deficiency Aversion and Loss Aversion
		4.1 Deficiency and Excess in Actual Reward, Relative to Just Reward
		4.2 Loss and Gain in Actual Reward, Relative to Time 1 Actual Reward
		4.3 Summary of Justice Approach to Deficiency Aversion and Loss Aversion
	5 Deficiency Aversion, Loss Aversion, and the Golden Number
		5.1 Deficiency Aversion and the Golden Number
		5.2 Loss Aversion and the Golden Number
		5.3 Remarks on Loss Aversion
	6 A Few Words on Money, Games, and Couples
	7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Integration of Film Theory and Studies with Neuroscience
	1 Introduction
	2 Film and Dream in Film Theory
	3 Film and Dreams in Neurosciences
	4 Critical Review on the Use of Oneiric Metaphors and Analogies of Film-Dream in Film Theory
	5 Implications
	6 Conclusion
	References
6 Systems View in Engineering Research
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Systems View and Inter- and Transdisciplinarity
	3 Basic Resources
	4 System Principles
		4.1 Control
		4.2 Optimization and Decision Making
		4.3 Hierarchies
		4.4 Degree of Centralization
		4.5 Emergence
		4.6 Hierarchical Control and Subsidiarity
	5 Open Problems
	6 Solving Complex Problems with Systems Thinking
	7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Concept, Methods, and Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Aim
		1.2 Brief History
	2 Concepts
		2.1 Molecular Modeling
		2.2 Molecular Interaction and Force Field
		2.3 Periodic Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Langevin Dynamics
		2.5 Time Series Calculation
		2.6 MD Simulation Algorithms
	3 Method
	4 Applications
	5 Future Scope
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
8 The World Big Challenges Faced by Nanoscience: Examples of How Integrated Science Can Save the World
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenge N. 1: Renewable Energies: Cheap Energy
		2.1 Solar Energy: New Materials for DSSC or Alternatives
		2.2 Efficient Energy Conversion, Recovery, and Storage
		2.3 Wearable Electronics for Health Monitoring
	3 Challenge N. 2: Remove Pollution, Clean Natural Resources
		3.1 Clean and Drinkable Water
		3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		3.3 Nanoparticles for Water Disinfection
		3.4 Semiconductor Photocatalyst
	4 Facing Air and Soil Pollution
		4.1 Nanomaterials for CO2 Capture and Reduction
		4.2 Air/soil Purification from Other Pollutants
	5 Challenge N. 3: Health for Everyone
		5.1 Tissue Regeneration
		5.2 New Solutions for Replacing Antibiotics
		5.3 Fight Cancer Disease—New Diagnostics for Early Detection of Cancer or Circulating Tumor Cells
	6 Challenge N. 4 Restoration and Conservation of Public Heritage
		6.1 Protective Films and Materials for Conservative Restoration
		6.2 Protection and Restoration of Paintings
	7 Challenge N.5 Reduced Impact in Human Mobility
		7.1 Improved Aerospace Vehicles
		7.2 Aerogel for Aerospace Applications
		7.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Aeronautics
	8 Conclusion
	References
9 The Kaleidoscopic Image as an Intersection Between Art and Science: From Microscopic Forms to Cosmological Models
	1 Introduction: The Kaleidoscopic Image as an Intersectional Element Between Art and Science
	2 The Structure of Microscopic Organisms and the Snowflakes
	3 The Kaleidoscopic Geodesic Dome Designed by Buckminster Fuller and the Morphology of Microscopic Forms Like Viruses or Fullerenes
	4 The Kaleidoscopic Image and the Protein Structure: Designing New Conformations in Protein Folding
	5 The Presence of Kaleidoscopic Image as the Main Motif in Cosmological Models and Other Representations of the Universe
		5.1 Kaleidoscopic Cosmological Models: The Geometry of Finite Topologies that are Visually Infinite
		5.2 Kaleidoscopic Representations of the Universe in Astronomical Contexts: Zero Gravity—Multi Mirror Projection Room (ESA, 2010) and GTC Kaleidoscope [50]
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Disruptions and Competitive Strategies in the Automotive Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 The Influence of the Great Recession on Automotive Industry Structure
	3 Contemporary Disruptions in Automotive Industry
	4 Conclusion
	References
11 Macroeconomics: From Equilibrium Settings to Multi-agent Worlds
	1 Introduction
	2 What is Macroeconomics About?
	3 Mainstream Macro-Theory
	4 The Way Forward: Non-Optimal Decision-Making, Heterogeneity, and Interaction
	5 Heuristics and Heterogeneity: An Example
	6 Conclusion
	References
12 A Multi-level Perspective to Biosimilars Development: Pathways Towards Incremental Innovation in the Health Bioeconomy
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosimilar Development
	3 Health Research Development and the Place of Incremental Innovations
	4 Best Practices from Key Global Markets
	5 Lessons for Emerging Economies
	6 Conclusion
	References
13 A 2020s Marketing Taxonomy for Augmented Reality Customer Experience
	1 Introduction
	2 Augmented Reality Taxonomies
	3 Online Customer Experience Taxonomies
	4 Latest AR Technologies
	5 Customer Experience in Augmented Reality: Existing Taxonomies
		5.1 AR Impact on Customer Experience
		5.2 AR and Customer’s Self-Perception
		5.3 AR Immersion and Belief
		5.4 Technology Involvement
		5.5 Public and Private Use
	6 A 2020s Taxonomy for AR Customer Experience
		6.1 Practical AR Experience and Marketing Strategies
		6.2 Informative AR Experience and Marketing Strategies
		6.3 Smart AR Experience and Marketing Strategies
		6.4 Holistic AR Experience and Marketing Strategies
	7 Theoretical Implications and Future Research
	8 Conclusion
	References
14 Can Viral Marketing Content Spread According to the Rumor Formula?
	1 Introduction
	2 From Word of Mouth to Rumor
	3 The Rumor Formula
	4 A Formula for Virality
		4.1 Creative Drivers
		4.2 Viral Strains
		4.3 Ambiguity
			4.3.1 Ambiguity of Authorship
			4.3.2 Ambiguity of Content
			4.3.3 Double Ambiguity (Authorship and Content)
	5 Testing the Formula
		5.1 Drivers
		5.2 Viral Strains
		5.3 Ambiguity
		5.4 Relevant Correlations
	6 Conclusion
	References
15 Exaptation as a Design Strategy for Resilient Communities
	1 Introduction
	2 Exaptation Versus Adaptation in Architectural Design
	3 Spandrels: The Missing Link Between Architecture and Biology
	4 Informal Behavior as a Form of Exaptation
	5 Conclusions
	References
16 A New Generation of Shrimp Aquaculture for Sustainability and Resilience of Future Green Cities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Why Shrimp Farming Suits Future Green Cities?
		1.2 Green Shrimp Farming: Bioengineering the Shrimp-Water Microbiome
		1.3 A New Generation of Shrimp Aquaculture Systems
		1.4 The Nitrogen Cycle - the Challenge for Nitrates Accumulation
		1.5 Microbiotic Granules for Closed Shrimp Rearing: Ontogeny, Formation Mechanisms, and Functions for Water Amendment
		1.6 Tailoring the Algae-Microbes Consortia
		1.7 Shrimp Microbiome Tech (SMT) Approach for Urban Shrimp Farming
		1.8 Basic Components and Steps
		1.9 Biosecurity and Welfare for Shrimp Farming in Green Cities
			1.9.1 Sustainable Feeds and Microbiome Supplements
			1.9.2 Shrimp Diseases Must not Be a Concern in Urban Shrimp Farming
			1.9.3 The Eradication of Health Syndromes and Diseases
			1.9.4 The Collapse of Shrimp Industry by Viral Diseases
			1.9.5 Other Non-Viral Pathogenic Threats
			1.9.6 Factors Affecting the Intestinal Microbiota - Developmental Stages
			1.9.7 Sustainability and Resilience Aspects of Green Shrimp Farming: Future and Ancient Tools
			1.9.8 Farming Resilience and Food Sovereign in Green Cities
			1.9.9 To Heredity Restored Mangrove Forest Instead of Abandoned Shrimp Pond
			1.9.10 Sustainable Shrimp Farming in Green Cities—Still Must Be Paid Back for Ecosystem Services?
			1.9.11 Services Delivered by Mangroves and Other Wetlands—Need of Mapping?
			1.9.12 Policies and Economic Solutions for Future Payments of Ecosystem Services
			1.9.13 Frameworks, Policies and Community Actions
	2 Conclusions
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
17 Public Understanding of Geoethics Dilemmas: A survey on Lithium Exploitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Geoethics: A New but Consolidated Study Area
	3 Lithium Exploitation: A SURVEY
		3.1 Lithium Characteristics and Properties
		3.2 Lithium Exploitation in Portugal
	4 Methodology
		4.1 The Questionnaire
		4.2 Sample
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Portuguese Citizens’ Perception of the Metallic Minerals’ Exploitation in Portugal
		5.2 Portuguese Citizens’ Opinions Regarding the Importance of Geoethics Applied to Mining in Portugal
		5.3 Significance Analysis of the Questionnaire Results
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix I: Questionnaire on the Use of Metallic Minerals in Portugal
	References
18 Creative Approaches for Mitigating Environmental Challenges: A Cosmopolitan Localism Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Cosmopolitan Localism
	3 Emerging Scenarios for Mitigating Environmental Challenges
		3.1 Up-Cycling of Plastic Waste Through Artistic Painting
		3.2 Up-Melting of Plastic Waste in Painting: Plastic Collage
		3.3 Up-Cutting of Plastic Waste Through Artistic Plastic Carpeting and Installations
		3.4 Up-Sewing of Plastic Waste into Designer Products
		3.5 “Up-Storying” of Waste Paper into Durable Design-Storied Bags
	4 Innovative Up-Cycling Strategies through the Lens of Cosmopolitan Localism: Toward Conceptualizing Up-Cycling Innovations for Environmental Sustainability
		4.1 Innovative Up-Cycling of Plastic and Paper Waste in the Context of Small
		4.2 Innovative Up-Cycling of Plastic Waste in the Context of Local
		4.3 Innovative Up-Cycling of Plastic Waste in the Context of Open and Connected
	5 Conclusion
	References
19 Landscape: A Holistic Approach to Space
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Sciences
	3 Social Sciences
	4 Art
	5 Landscape
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
20 Integrated Approaches to Land Management
	1 Introduction
	2 The Worldwide Implications of Land Degradation
	3 The Need for an Integrated Approach Toward Sustainable Land Management
	4 The Crucial Aspects of an Integrated Approach Toward Sustainable Land Management
		4.1 Technical Aspects
		4.2 Human Aspects
		4.3 Economic Aspects
		4.4 The Natural Resource Aspect
	5 The Ecosystem Approach
		5.1 A Bioregional Organization Using Units of Natural Ecosystems (Mapping Ecoregions) for Organization and Administration
		5.2 Management Systems for the Environment
		5.3 Monitoring, Assessment, and Reporting
	6 Conclusion
	References
21 Archaeology as an Interdisciplinary Science at the Cross-Roads of Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Social Sciences: New Perspectives and Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Sciences and Archaeology
		2.1 Dating Methods in Archaeology
		2.2 Origin Determination and Characterization Studies
		2.3 Archaeo-geophysical Methods
		2.4 Archaeoastronomy
		2.5 DNA Archaeology
		2.6 Conservation Sciences
		2.7 Geoarchaeology
		2.8 Cyber-Archaeology
		2.9 Statistics
	3 Social Sciences and Archaeology
	4 Archaeology and Society
	5 Conclusion
	References
22 Biomimicry in Architecture: From Theory to Practice
	1 Introduction
	2 The Fallacy of Biomimicry
	3 A Brief Overview: Biomimetic Trends and the Practical Gap
	4 Filling the Gap
	5 A Test Case in Inspiring Design by Nature
	6 Conclusion
	References
23 Ecodemocracy in Practice: Examples of Forestry and Food Production
	1 Introduction
	2 The Possibilities of Democratic Representation of Nonhumans
	3 Ecocentric Food Production
	4 Ecocentric Forestry
	5 Discussion: What Do Food Production and Ecoforestry Say About Ecodemocracy?
	6 Ways Forward
	7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
24 Semantic Analyses of Hilary Putnam’s Twin Earth (Ft. TE Diagram)
	1 Introduction
	2 Surface Analysis
		2.1 Elm/Beech TE
	3 Deep Analysis—Modus Tollens with Implicit Major (Falsification)
	4 Explanatory Gap (Modal and Nonmodal TE)
		4.1 Scientific Realism
	5 Environmental Pragmaticism (e.g. Earth Strike)
		5.1 Growth of Knowledge in Science and Society
	6 TE Diagram
		6.1 Conceivability Test TE Consciousness (EFA-1998)
		6.2 Zhuangzi TE Diagram (CQU-2013—Fig. 1, Table 1)
		6.3 MTE Diagram (VUB-2015)
		6.4 Twin Earth TE Diagram (XV Zlot Filozoficzny-2019—Fig. 2)
	7 Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies in Philosophy and Science
	8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Sport Sciences: An Ideal Field of Play for Integrated Knowledges
	1 Introduction
	2 Movement in Sports: A Starting Point
	3 A Point of Equilibrium
	4 The Challenges of Biology and Physiology
	5 The Sports Environment: Opponents, Equipment, Field of Play, Weather, and Public
	6 Testing: Where Integrated Competencies Meet
	7 Conclusion
	References
26 Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set: An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Basics of Neutrosophic Sets
		2.1 Neutrosophic Set
		2.2 Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set
			2.2.1 Some Operations of SVNNs
			2.2.2 Score Function and Accuracy Function of SVNNs
			2.2.3 Comparison of SVNNs
		2.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set
			2.3.1 Operations on INNs
			2.3.2 Score Function and Accuracy Functions of INNs
			2.3.3 Comparison INNs
		2.4 Spherical Neutrosophic Set
			2.4.1 Single-Valued Spherical NS
				Single-Valued Spherical Neutrosophic Number (SVSpNN)
				Interval-Valued Spherical Neutrosophic Number (ISpNN)
			2.4.2 n-Hyper Spherical Neutrosophic Set (n-HSpNS)
	3 Triangular Fuzzy Number Neutrosophic Set (TFNNS)
		3.1 TFNNS
		3.2 Triangular Fuzzy Neutrosophic Number (TFNN)
		3.3 Operations on TFNNs
		3.4 Score and Accuracy Function of TFNN
		3.5 Comparison of TFNNs
		3.6 Triangular Fuzzy Neutrosophic Number Arithmetic Averaging (TFNNAA) Operator
			3.6.1 Triangular Fuzzy Neutrosophic Number Weighted Arithmetic Averaging (TFNNWAA) Operator
			3.6.2 Triangular Fuzzy Number Neutrosophic Geometric Averaging (TFNNGA) Operator
				Triangular Fuzzy Number Neutrosophic Weighted Geometric Averaging (TFNNWGA) Operator
	4 Trapezoidal Fuzzy  Number NS
		4.1 TrFNNS
		4.2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Neutrosophic Number (TrFNN)
		4.3 Expected Value (EV) and Expected Interval (EI) of TrFNN
		4.4 Truth Favourite Relative Expected Value (TrFREV) of TrFNN
		4.5 Expected Value Theorem
		4.6 Single-Valued Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Number (SVTrNN)
			4.6.1 Score Function of SVTrNNs
			4.6.2 Ranking of SVTrNN
			4.6.3 Centre of Gravity
			4.6.4 Score function SVTrNN
			4.6.5 Comparison of SVTrNNs
		4.7 Interval TrNN (ITrNN)
			4.7.1 Defınıtıon of ITrNN
			4.7.2 Operations on ITrNNs
	5 A Single-Valued Pentagonal Neutrosophic Number (SVPNN)
		5.1 Score Function of SVPNN
		5.2 Comparison of SVPNNS
	6 Cylindrical Neutrosophic Single-Valued (CNSV) Set
		6.1 Score Function of CNSVN
		6.2 Comparıson of CNSVNs
	7 Neutrosophic Number (NN)
		7.1 Score Function of NNs
		7.2 Comparison of NNs
		7.3 Neutrosophic Refined Number (NRN)
	8 Some Applications of Neutrosophic Sets
		8.1 Sentiment Analysis
		8.2 Cosmology
		8.3 Neutrosophic Cognitive Map (NCM) for Social Problems
		8.4 Neutrosophic Strategy to Combat COVID-19
		8.5 Social Network Analysis e-Learning Systems via NSs
		8.6 Raga Classification
		8.7 Early Diagnosis of Leaf Ailments
		8.8 Potential Energy Storage Options.
		8.9 Neutrosophic Computational Model
		8.10 Finance and Economics
		8.11 Conflict Resolution
		8.12 Air Surveillance
	9 The Extensions of Neutrosophic Sets
	10 New Directions
	11 Conclusion
	References
27 Technology Assessment Integrated Research for Scientific Policy Advice
	1 Introduction and Overview
	2 Technology Assessment: Motivations and History
	3 Conceptual Framework of Technology Assessment
	4 Inclusion and Knowledge Integration
		4.1 Anticipation
		4.2 Inclusion
		4.3 Complexity
	5 Assessment as Procedural Integration
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
28 The Artistic and Scientific Nature of Protein Structure: A Historical Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Hemoglobin
		2.1 Structure
		2.2 When Serendipity Happens
			2.2.1 Sickle Cell Anemia
		2.3 Artistic Sculpture
	3 DNA Polymerase
		3.1 Never in a Vacuum
		3.2 Replication of DNA
		3.3 Structure of DNA Polymerase
		3.4 When Something Goes Wrong Genetically
		3.5 A Blend of Science, Computer Graphics, and Art
	4 RNA Polymerase II
		4.1 Structure and Process of Transcription
	5 Medicine, Proteins, and Genes: Pharmacogenetics
	6 SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease
		6.1 Superimposition of Mpro on HKU4-CoV 3CL(Pro)
		6.2 Aldehyde 11a in the Active Site of Mpro (6lze.pdb)
		6.3 Wet Bench Data—Aldehyde 11a
		6.4 Complementarity
	7 Conclusion
	References
29 The Art and Science of Biomimicry—Abstracting Design Principles from Nature
	1 Introduction
	2 Framework
		2.1 Biomimicry Thinking
		2.2 Drawing in Science
	3 Research Question
		3.1 Pinpointed Sub-Questions
	4 Method
		4.1 Context and Participants
	5 Description of Common Assignment
		5.1 Assignment Steps
		5.2 Distinction Between Student Cohorts
			5.2.1 THUAS
			5.2.2 ASU
			5.2.3 CofC
	6 Data Collection and Analysis
		6.1 Phase 1: Assignment Cues Comparison
		6.2 Phase 2: Rubric Analysis of NTS’s
		6.3 Phase 3: Statistical Analysis
		6.4 Phase 4: Qualitative Analysis
	7 Results
		7.1 Phase 1: Assignment Cues Comparison
		7.2 Phase 2: Rubric Analysis Results of NTSs
		7.3 Phase 3: Statistical Results
		7.4 Phase 4: Qualitative Analysis Results
	8 Discussion
		8.1 RQ1
		8.2 RQ2
		8.3 RQ3
	9 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	Compliance With Ethical Standards
	References
30 The Phenomenon of Meeting in Art: A Transdisciplinary Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Meeting the Mona Lisa
	3 Meeting the Holy Inessa
	4 Meeting with Karl Bryullov's Feeling of Love
	5 Meeting with the Soul of Alexander Ivanov
	6 Meeting the Wonder
	7 Christ and Magdalene: Holiness of Corporality
	8 The Essence of the Phenomenon of Meeting
	9 Heart as a Meeting Place with God, Love, and Art
	10 Conclusion
	References
31 Integrated Science 2050: Transdisciplinarity
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainability
		2.1 Resilience and Ecosystem-Based Management
		2.2 Ecodemocracy
	3 Land Degradation
		3.1 Kaleidoscopic Image; Art and Science Intersection
	4 Landscape
		4.1 Biomimicry in Architecture
		4.2 Geoethics
	5 Economic, Technology and Industry
		5.1 Macroeconomics
		5.2 Automotive Industry
	6 Science, Mathematics, and Art Unity
	7 Systems View in Engineering Research
		7.1 The World Big Challenges Faced by Nanoscience
	8 Media and Viral Marketing
	9 Archeology
	10 Biomedical Sciences
	11 Transdisciplinary in Philosophy and Science
	12 Conclusion
	References
Index