Traffic Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data Networks (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 28
About the Author......Page 30
1.1 Introduction......Page 32
1.2 Terminology and Definitions......Page 36
1.3 TQO Background and Motivation......Page 43
1.4 TQO Functional Model......Page 46
1.4.1 Traffic/Application Layer......Page 49
1.4.2 MPLS LSPs/Layer 3......Page 52
1.4.3 Logical Links/GMPLS LSPs/Layer 2......Page 55
1.4.5 Operational/Management Layer......Page 59
1.5.1.2 MPLS LSP Dynamic Routing and Bandwidth Allocation Layer 3 Design......Page 60
1.5.1.5 Operational/Management Layer Design......Page 61
1.5.2.1 Design and Operational Experience......Page 62
1.5.2.2 Modeling, Analysis, and Case Studies......Page 63
1.6.1.1 Data Network Routing Layer Design/Operational Experience......Page 64
1.6.1.2 Data Network Management Layer Design/Operational Experience......Page 67
1.6.2.1 Voice Network Routing Layer Design/Operational Experience......Page 68
1.6.2.2 Voice Network Management Layer Design/Operational Experience......Page 72
1.6.2.3 Benefits Derived from TQO Design/Operational Experience in Voice Networks......Page 74
1.6.3 TQO Design Principles and Benefits Derived from Experience......Page 78
1.7 Modeling, Analysis, and Case Studies......Page 79
1.7.1.1 Routing Design and Optimization Methods......Page 80
1.7.1.2 Capacity Design and Optimization Methods......Page 81
1.7.1.3 QoS and GoS Performance Measures......Page 82
1.8 Generic TQO (GTQO) Protocol and Benefits......Page 83
1.9 Standards Needs to Realize GTQO Protocol Requirements......Page 86
1.10 Conclusion and Applicability of Requirements......Page 87
2.1 Introduction......Page 90
2.2 Call/Session Routing Methods......Page 92
2.3 Connection (Bearer-Path) Routing Methods......Page 94
2.3.1 Hierarchical Fixed Routing Path Selection......Page 99
2.3.2 Time-Dependent Routing Path Selection......Page 100
2.3.3 State-Dependent Routing Path Selection......Page 103
2.4 Internetwork Routing......Page 106
2.5 Modeling of TQO Methods......Page 109
2.5.1 Network Design Comparisons......Page 120
2.5.2 Network Performance Comparisons......Page 122
2.5.3 Single-Area Flat Topology vs Multiarea Two-Level Hierarchical Network Topology......Page 124
2.5.4 Network Modeling Conclusions......Page 126
2.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 128
2.7 Applicability of Requirements......Page 129
3.1 Introduction......Page 130
3.2.1 Class-of-Service Identification......Page 137
3.2.2 Routing Table Derivation......Page 138
3.2.3 Class-of-Service Routing Steps......Page 140
3.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, Protection, and Reservation Principles......Page 141
3.3.1 Per-VNET Bandwidth Allocation, Protection, and Reservation......Page 144
3.3.1.1 Per-VNET Bandwidth Allocation/Reservation: Meshed Network Case......Page 148
3.3.1.2 Per-VNET Bandwidth Allocation/Reservation: Sparse Network Case......Page 150
3.3.2.1 Per-Flow Bandwidth Allocation/Reservation: Meshed Network Case......Page 152
3.3.2.2 Per-Flow Bandwidth Allocation/Reservation: Sparse Network Case......Page 155
3.4 Queuing Mechanisms......Page 156
3.5 Internetwork QoS Resource Management......Page 157
3.6.1 Performance of Bandwidth Reservation Methods......Page 159
3.6.2 Per-VNET vs Per-Flow Bandwidth Allocation......Page 161
3.6.3 Single-Area Flat Topology vs Multiarea Two-Level Hierarchical Flat Topology......Page 162
3.6.4 Need for MPLS and DiffServ......Page 165
3.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 167
3.8 Applicability of Requirements......Page 168
4.1 Introduction......Page 170
4.2 Routing Table Management for IP-Based Networks......Page 173
4.3 Routing Table Management for ATM-Based Networks......Page 179
4.4 Routing Table Management for TDM-Based Networks......Page 181
4.5 Signaling and Information Exchange Requirements......Page 183
4.5.1 Call/Session Routing (Number Translation to Routing Address) Information-Exchange Parameters......Page 185
4.5.2 Connection Routing Information-Exchange Parameters......Page 186
4.5.3 QoS Resource Management Information-Exchange Parameters......Page 187
4.5.4 Routing Table Management Information-Exchange Parameters......Page 188
4.5.6 Open Application Programming Interface (API)......Page 190
4.6.1 Time-Dependent Routing Call/Session Setup......Page 191
4.6.2 Distributed Connection-by-Connection State-Dependent Routing (DC-SDR) Call/Session Setup......Page 192
4.6.3 Centralized Periodic State-Dependent Routing (CP-SDR) Call/Session Setup......Page 193
4.6.4 Event-Dependent Routing Call/Session Setup......Page 194
4.7 Examples of Internetwork Routing......Page 195
4.7.1 Internetwork E Uses a Mixed Path Selection Method......Page 196
4.8 Modeling of TQO Methods......Page 198
4.10 Applicability of Requirements......Page 205
5.1 Introduction......Page 208
5.2 GMPLS-Based Dynamic Transport Routing Principles......Page 210
5.3 GMPLS-Based Dynamic Transport Routing Examples......Page 215
5.3.1 Seasonal Traffic Variations Example......Page 217
5.3.3 Daily Traffic Variations Example......Page 219
5.3.4 Real-Time Traffic Variations Example......Page 222
5.4 Distributed Real-Time Dynamic Transport Routing Algorithm Design......Page 226
5.4.3 Reallocate Access Capacity between Overloaded and Underloaded Traffic Routers......Page 228
5.4.5 Size Layer 2 ALL and BLL Capacity......Page 229
5.4.6 Reroute ALL and BLL Capacity......Page 230
5.5 Reliable Transport Network Design......Page 231
5.5.1 Transport Link Design Models......Page 233
5.5.2 Node Design Models......Page 235
5.6 Modeling of TQO Methods......Page 236
5.6.1 GMPLS-Based Dynamic Transport Routing Capacity Design......Page 237
5.6.2 Performance for Network Failures......Page 238
5.6.3 Performance for General Traffic Overloads......Page 240
5.6.4 Performance for Unexpected Overloads......Page 241
5.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 242
5.8 Applicability of Requirements......Page 243
6.1 Introduction......Page 246
6.2 Routing Design and Optimization Methods......Page 248
6.2.1 Discrete Event Simulation Models......Page 249
6.2.3 Hierarchical Routing Design Models......Page 252
6.3 Capacity Design and Optimization Methods......Page 253
6.3.1 Capacity Design Cost Impacts for Traffic Load Variations......Page 254
6.3.1.1 Impacts of Within-the-Hour Minute-to-Minute Traffic Variations......Page 255
6.3.1.2 Impacts of Hour-to-Hour Traffic Variations......Page 256
6.3.1.3 Impacts of Day-to-Day Traffic Variations......Page 258
6.3.1.4 Impacts of Week-to-Week Traffic Variations......Page 259
6.3.2 Capacity Design and Optimization Models......Page 262
6.3.2.1 Discrete Event Flow Optimization Models......Page 263
6.3.2.2 Discussion of DEFO Model......Page 266
6.3.2.3 Example Application of DEFO Model......Page 269
6.3.2.4 Traffic Load Flow Optimization Models......Page 271
6.3.2.5 Link Flow Optimization Model......Page 273
6.3.2.6 Virtual Trunk Flow Optimization Models......Page 275
6.3.2.7 Dynamic Transport Routing Capacity Design Models......Page 277
6.4 Modeling of TQO Methods......Page 278
6.4.2 Integrated vs Separate Voice/ISDN and Data Network Designs......Page 279
6.4.4 Single-Area Flat vs Two-Level Hierarchical Network Design......Page 285
6.4.5 EDR vs SDR Network Design......Page 287
6.4.6 Dynamic Transport Routing vs Fixed Transport Routing Network Design......Page 289
6.6 Applicability of Requirements......Page 291
7.1 Introduction......Page 294
7.2.1 Real-Time Performance Monitoring......Page 297
7.2.2 Network Control......Page 299
7.2.3.3 Reroute Controls......Page 301
7.2.5 Interfaces to Other Work Centers......Page 302
7.3.1.1 Configuration Database Functions......Page 303
7.3.1.3 Load Adjustment Cycle and View of Business Adjustment Cycle......Page 304
7.3.3 Work Center Functions......Page 305
7.4.1 Daily Congestion Analysis Functions......Page 306
7.5.1 Network Design Functions......Page 307
7.5.3 Interfaces to Other Work Centers......Page 308
7.7 MPLS Operations Architecture Example......Page 309
7.7.3 Fault Management......Page 311
7.7.5 MPLS MIB Architecture......Page 313
7.7.6 MPLS OAM Operational Experience......Page 314
7.9 Applicability of Requirements......Page 317
8.1 Introduction......Page 320
8.2 Case Study: TQO Protocol Design of Circuit-Switched Integrated Voice/Data Dynamic Routing Network......Page 322
8.2.1.1 Class-of-Service Routing......Page 323
8.2.1.2 Connection Admission Control (CAC), Source-Based Path Selection, Crankback......Page 325
8.2.1.3 Load State Mapping, Bandwidth Reservation......Page 327
8.2.1.4 Dynamic Connection Routing, Priority Routing......Page 331
8.2.1.5 Meet Performance Objectives for Integrated COSs......Page 333
8.2.2 Optimization of TQO Protocol......Page 335
8.3 Case Study: TQO Protocol Design of Circuit-Switched, Internetwork, Integrated Voice/Data Dynamic Routing Networks......Page 339
8.4 Case Studies: Examples of Alternate Routing Contributing to Network Congestion......Page 347
8.5 Applicability of Requirements......Page 349
9.1 Introduction......Page 350
9.2 Case Study: TQO Protocol Design of MPLS/GMPLS-Based IntegratedVoice/Data Dynamic Routing Network......Page 352
9.3 Optimization of TQO Path Selection Protocol......Page 354
9.4.1 TQO Bandwidth Management Protocol Options......Page 362
9.4.1.1 Option A (Direct Coordination): MSE CAC, DSTE/MAR, DiffServ/Five Queues......Page 363
9.4.1.3 Option C (Indirect Coordination): GW CAC, No DSTE, DiffServ/Three Queues......Page 366
9.4.1.5 Option E (No Coordination): No CAC, No DSTE, No DiffServ/One Queue......Page 367
9.4.2.1 Traffic Model Description......Page 368
9.4.2.2 Network Design Model Description......Page 370
9.4.2.3 Simulation Model Description......Page 374
9.5 Modeling Results......Page 382
9.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 392
9.7 Applicability of Requirements......Page 397
10.1 Introduction......Page 400
10.2 TQO Modeling and Analysis......Page 401
10.3 Summary and Conclusions Reached......Page 403
10.3.2 Chapter 2: Summary and Conclusions on Call/Session Routing and Connections Routing Methods......Page 404
10.3.3 Chapter 3: Summary and Conclusions on TQO Protocol Design for MPLS-Based Dynamic Routing Networks......Page 406
10.3.4 Chapter 4: Summary and Conclusions on Routing Table Management Methods and Requirements......Page 407
10.3.5 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions on TQO Protocol Design of GMPLS-Based Multilayer Dynamic Routing Networks......Page 409
10.3.6 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions on Optimization Methods for Routing Design and Capacity Management......Page 410
10.3.7 Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusions on TQO Operational Requirements......Page 411
10.3.8 Chapters 8 and 9: Summary and Conclusions on Case Studies of TQO for Operational Integrated Voice/Data Dynamic Routing Networks......Page 412
10.4.1 GTQO Protocol Requirements......Page 414
10.4.2 GTQO Capabilities to Meet Requirements......Page 415
10.4.3 GTQO Protocol Description......Page 418
10.5 Comparative Analysis of GTQO Protocol Model and Alternative Models......Page 422
10.5.1.1 Distributed VNET-Based TQO Approaches with CAC......Page 424
10.5.2.1 TQO Processor (TQOP)......Page 425
10.5.2.3 Intelligent Routing Service Control Point (IRSCP)......Page 426
10.5.3 Competitive and Cooperative Game Theoretic Models......Page 427
10.6 Needed Standards Extensions and Technologies to Meet GTQO Protocol Requirements......Page 429
10.6.2 Path Computation Element (PCE)......Page 431
10.6.3 RSVP Aggregation Extensions over DSTE Tunnels......Page 432
10.6.4 Header Compression over MPLS......Page 433
10.6.5 QoS Signaling Protocol......Page 434
10.6.6 Crankback Routing for MPLS LSP Setup or Modification......Page 435
10.6.9 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)......Page 436
10.6.13 Session Border Controller (SBC)......Page 437
10.8 Applicability of Requirements......Page 438
A.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)......Page 440
A.3 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS)......Page 444
A.4.1 Traffic Shaping and Policing Algorithms......Page 447
A.4.1.1 Leaky-Bucket Algorithm......Page 448
A.4.1.2 Token-Bucket Algorithm......Page 449
A.4.2 Queue Management and Scheduling......Page 450
A.5 Integrated Services (IntServ)......Page 452
A.6 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)......Page 453
A.7 Differentiated Services (DiffServ)......Page 454
A.8 MPLS-Based QoS Mechanisms......Page 458
Glossary......Page 460
References and Bibliography......Page 470
Index......Page 486