Toxicology of nanomaterials

Content: Cover
 Title Page
 Copyright
 Contents
 List of Contributors
 Preface
 Abbreviations
 Chapter 1 Characterization of Nanomaterials in Nanotoxicological Analyses
 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 Size and Morphology of NMs
 1.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
 1.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
 1.2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
 1.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
 1.2.5 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
 1.2.6 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
 1.2.7 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
 1.2.8 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
 1.2.9 Raman Scattering (RS)
 1.3 Composition and Structure. 1.3.1 Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy1.3.2 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
 1.3.3 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF)
 1.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
 1.3.5 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
 1.4 Surface Properties
 1.4.1 Surface Area
 1.4.2 Surface Charge
 1.4.3 Surface Composition
 1.4.4 Surface Reactivity
 1.5 Interactions between NMs and Biological Environments
 1.6 Conclusions
 References
 Chapter 2 Quantitative Analysis of Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Biological Samples Using ICP-MS
 2.1 Introduction
 2.2 ICP-MS: A Power Tool for Element Analysis
 2.2.1 Unique Features of ICP-MS. 2.2.2 ICP-MS Hyphenated to Separation Techniques2.3 Single-Particle ICP-MS: Theory and Application
 2.3.1 Basic Theory of SP-ICP-MS
 2.3.2 Applications of SP-ICP-MS
 2.4 Analysis of Nanoparticles by ICP-MS Hyphenate Techniques
 2.4.1 Solution-Based ICP-MS Hyphenated Techniques
 2.4.1.1 Field Flow Fractionation
 2.4.1.2 Hydrodynamic Chromatography
 2.4.1.3 Electrophoresis
 2.4.1.4 Laser Ablation ICP-MS for ENM Analysis
 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook
 References
 Chapter 3 Stable Isotopic Tracing of Nanomaterials In Vivo
 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Development of Stable Isotope Labeling in Nanotechnology3.3 13C-Labeled Carbon Nanomaterials
 3.3.1 Structure and Formation Mechanisms for Fullerene
 3.3.2 Trace and Quantification In Vivo for Fullerene
 3.3.3 Quantification and Distribution of 13C-CNT and Carbon Particles
 3.3.4 Isotope Effects and Imaging of 13C-CNT
 3.3.5 Structure and Formation of 13C-Enriched Graphene Nanomaterials
 3.4 Metal Stable Isotope Labeled Nanoparticles
 3.4.1 Trace and Quantification of ZnO Nanoparticles in Nanotoxicology and Ecotoxicology. 3.4.2 Trace and Quantification of CuO Nanoparticles in Nanotoxicology and Ecotoxicology3.4.3 Other Stable Isotopes for Tracing and Quantifying Nanomaterials In Vivo
 3.4.4 Other Stable Isotopes for the Structure and Reaction of Nanomaterials
 3.5 Summary and Outlook
 References
 Chapter 4 Radiolabeling of Nanoparticles
 4.1 Introduction
 4.1.1 Radioisotope Production
 4.1.2 Radiolabeling Methods of Nanoparticles
 4.1.2.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Radioactive Precursors
 4.1.2.2 Neutron or Ion-Beam Activation
 4.1.2.3 Isotopic Exchange and Cation Exchange
 4.1.2.4 Physical Absorption.