Toxicological profiles - Alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ALPHA-, BETA-, GAMMA-, and DELTA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE?......Page 26
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 27
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 28
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 39
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 42
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 43
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 44
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 76
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 83
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 84
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 87
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 89
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 90
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 91
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 93
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 94
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 101
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 102
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 103
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 104
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 105
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 106
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 107
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 108
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 109
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 110
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 114
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 115
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 116
2.3.5.1 Summary of PBPK Models.......Page 117
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 122
Overview......Page 124
Minimal Risk Levels for " "-, $ $-, ( (-, and * *-HCH......Page 125
Systemic Effects......Page 127
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 136
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 140
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hexachlorocyclohexane......Page 141
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Hexachlorocyclohexane......Page 142
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 143
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 145
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 146
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 147
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hexachlorocyclohexane......Page 149
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 151
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect......Page 158
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 162
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 164
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 170
4.3 USE......Page 172
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 173
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 176
5.2.2 Water......Page 182
5.2.3 Soil......Page 183
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 184
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 188
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 190
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 191
5.4.1 Air......Page 192
5.4.2 Water......Page 193
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 194
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 196
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 200
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 203
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 204
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 208
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 211
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 217
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 230
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 232
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 234
8. REFERENCES......Page 244
Intermediate Exposure......Page 301
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 302
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 305
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 307
USER'S GUIDE......Page 315
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 323