Toxicological profiles - Vinyl Chloride

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR VINYL CHLORIDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
LIST OF TABLES......Page 13
1.1 WHAT IS VINYL CHLORIDE?......Page 14
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO VINYL CHLORIDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE?......Page 16
1.5 HOW CAN VINYL CHLORIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE?......Page 19
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 20
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 23
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 26
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 54
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 56
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 59
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 60
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 64
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 68
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 74
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 80
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 81
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 83
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 84
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 85
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 89
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 90
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 93
2.3.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 94
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 98
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 99
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 100
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 101
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 110
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 112
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 132
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Vinyl Chloride......Page 134
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Vinyl Chloride......Page 137
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 139
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 141
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 143
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 144
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 145
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Vinyl Chloride......Page 147
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 148
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 161
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 163
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 166
4.3 USE......Page 171
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 172
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 173
5.2.2 Water......Page 175
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 179
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 181
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 182
5.4.1 Air......Page 183
5.4.2 Water......Page 184
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 185
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 186
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 187
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 188
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 190
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 192
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 196
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 203
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 204
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 205
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 206
8. REFERENCES......Page 213
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 257
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 258
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 259
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 260
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 261
USER'S GUIDE......Page 269
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 276