Toxicological profiles - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS (TPH)......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 11
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 17
1.1 WHAT ARE TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS?......Page 19
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO TPH WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 20
1.4 HOW CAN TPH ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 21
1.5 HOW CAN TPH AFFECT MY BODY?......Page 22
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE IF I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO TPH?......Page 23
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 24
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25
2.1 DEFINITION OF TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS......Page 27
2.2 TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ANALYSIS OVERVIEW......Page 29
2.3 TPH FRACTIONS AND THE ATSDR APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF EXPOSURE TO TPH......Page 30
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 35
3.2 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION......Page 36
3.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 41
3.3.1 Environmental Samples.......Page 42
3.3.1.1 Soils and Sediments......Page 51
3.3.1.2 Water and Waste Water......Page 52
3.3.1.3 Air......Page 53
3.3.3 Adequacy of the Database......Page 54
3.3.4 Ongoing Studies......Page 56
4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL......Page 58
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 76
5.3.1 Overview......Page 87
5.3.2.1 Bulk Oil Migration......Page 88
5.3.2.2 Compound Migration......Page 89
5.3.2.3 Biodegradation......Page 92
5.3.3 Models......Page 94
5.3.3.1 Transport Equations......Page 97
5.3.3.2 Estimating Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 98
5.3.3.3 Transport Models......Page 99
5.4 LEVELS IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 100
5.5.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 107
5.5.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 109
6.1.1 TPH Definition and Issues......Page 112
6.1.2 Existing Risk-Based Methods for TPH Health Assessment......Page 115
6.1.3 Overview of the ATSDR Approach......Page 118
6.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY FRACTION AND ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 121
6.2.1 Aromatic EC5 –EC9 Indicator Compounds......Page 122
6.2.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 123
6.2.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 124
6.2.2 Aromatic EC>9 –EC16 Combined Fractions......Page 129
6.2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 133
6.2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 134
6.2.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 138
6.2.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 139
6.2.4 Aliphatic EC5 –EC8 Combined Fractions......Page 141
6.2.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 143
6.2.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 146
6.2.5 Aliphatic EC>8 –EC16 Combined Fractions......Page 148
6.2.5.2 Oral Exposure......Page 149
6.2.6 Aliphatic EC>16 –EC35 Combined Fractions......Page 151
6.2.6.2 Oral Exposure......Page 153
6.3.1 Jet Fuels......Page 154
6.3.2 Fuel Oils......Page 158
6.3.3 Automotive Gasoline......Page 160
6.3.6 Mineral-Based Crankcase......Page 162
6.3.8 Asphalt......Page 164
6.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 165
6.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 168
6.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 170
6.4.2 Distribution......Page 171
6.4.3 Metabolism......Page 173
6.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 175
6.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 177
6.5.1 Pharmacokinetics Mechanisms......Page 178
6.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 179
6.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 180
6.6.1 Overview......Page 181
6.6.2 Minimal Risk Levels, Critical Effects, and Cancer Assessments for Fractions of TPH......Page 184
6.7 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 198
6.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 202
6.8.1. Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to TPH......Page 203
6.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by TPH......Page 204
6.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 205
6.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 207
6.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 208
6.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 209
6.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 210
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 213
8. REFERENCES......Page 227
Case Report......Page 251
Equivalent Carbon Number Index......Page 252
In Vivo......Page 253
Organophosphate or Organophosphorus Compound......Page 254
Reference Concentration (RfC)......Page 255
Teratogen......Page 256
Xenobiotic......Page 257
MRLS AND CANCER CLASSIFICATION FOR TPH COMPONENTS AND WHOLE PRODUCTS......Page 259
Table A-1. Minimal Risk Levels and Cancer Classification for TPH Components and Whole Products a......Page 260
USER'S GUIDE......Page 264
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 267
PETROLEUM PRODUCT COMPOSITION......Page 271
IDENTITY, COMPONENTS, AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS......Page 299
INDEX......Page 327