Toxicological profiles - Titanium Tetrachloride

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.4 HOW CAN TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.5 HOW CAN TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 17
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 18
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 20
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 22
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 23
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 31
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 39
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 41
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 42
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 44
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 48
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 49
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 50
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 51
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 52
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 53
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 54
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 70
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Titanium Tetrachloride......Page 71
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 72
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 73
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 74
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Titanium Tetrachloride......Page 75
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 79
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 83
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 84
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 85
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 88
4.3 USE......Page 89
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 92
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 93
5.2.3Soil......Page 94
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 97
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 98
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 99
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 100
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 103
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 104
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 107
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 110
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 111
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 112
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 113
8. REFERENCES......Page 115
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 124
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 125
Toxic Dose (TD ) 50......Page 126
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 127
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 128
USER'S GUIDE......Page 134
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 142