Toxicological profiles - Thorium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR THORIUM......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 5
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 9
1.1 WHAT IS THORIUM?......Page 10
1.3 HOW CAN THORIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 11
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO THORIUM?......Page 12
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 13
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 26
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 28
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 35
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 36
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 37
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 43
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 44
2.2.3.6 Reproductive Effects......Page 48
2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 49
2.2.4.8 Cancer......Page 51
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 53
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 54
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 58
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 60
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 61
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 62
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 66
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 67
2.8.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 68
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 72
4.2 IMPORT......Page 83
4.3 USE......Page 84
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 88
5.2.1 Air......Page 90
5.2.3 Soil......Page 91
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 92
5.4.1 Air......Page 94
5.4.2 Water......Page 95
5.4.4 Other Media......Page 96
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 103
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURE......Page 107
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 108
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 109
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 110
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 111
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 116
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 122
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 123
8. REFERENCES......Page 132
Adsorption Coefficient (Koc)......Page 155
Lethal Concentration(LO) (LCLO)......Page 156
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 157
Peer Review......Page 158
B.1 RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY......Page 159
B.2.2 Half-Life and Activity......Page 160
B.2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter......Page 164
B.2.4 Characteristics of Emitted Radiation......Page 165
B.3 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY DEPOSITION IN HUMAN TISSUES......Page 167
B.3.2 Dosimetry Models......Page 168
B.3.3 Internal Emitters......Page 169
B.4.2 Radiation Effects at the Organ Level......Page 170
B.4.3 Acute and Chronic Somatic Effects......Page 171
B.5 UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION AND REGULATION......Page 172
References......Page 181