Toxicological profiles - Polybrominated Biphenyls And Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT ARE PBBs AND PBDEs?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO PBBs AND PBDEs WHEN THEY ENTER THE......Page 18
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PBBs AND PBDEs?......Page 19
1.5 HOW CAN PBBs AND PBDEs AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.6 HOW CAN PBBs AND PBDEs AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 24
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO PBBs AND......Page 25
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 26
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 27
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 28
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO POLYBROMINATED......Page 30
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 33
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)......Page 45
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 52
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 55
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 57
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 58
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 64
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 65
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 66
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 109
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 154
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 159
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 162
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 165
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 172
3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 181
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 182
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 185
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 190
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 191
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 192
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 198
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 199
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 200
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 201
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 202
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 207
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 208
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 212
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 216
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 220
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 221
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 230
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 231
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 236
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 244
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to PBBs and PBDEs......Page 245
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by PBBs and PBDEs......Page 249
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 251
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 252
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 253
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 254
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 255
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of PBBs and PBDEs......Page 256
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 260
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 278
4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY......Page 281
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 295
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 306
5.3 USE......Page 309
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 310
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 316
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 319
6.2.1 Air......Page 321
6.2.2 Water......Page 325
6.2.3 Soil......Page 326
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 328
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 333
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 334
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 336
6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 338
6.4.1 Air......Page 339
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 341
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 344
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 372
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 375
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 376
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 377
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 378
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 384
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 385
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 386
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 391
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 396
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 397
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 398
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 401
9. REFERENCES......Page 409
Case Report......Page 461
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 462
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)......Page 463
Pharmacokinetics......Page 464
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 465
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 466
Xenobiotic......Page 467
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 469
USER'S GUIDE......Page 479
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 486