Toxicological profiles - Plutonium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PLUTONIUM......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 9
1.1 WHAT IS PLUTONIUM?......Page 10
1.4 HOW CAN PLUTONIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 11
1.5 WHAT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE HAVE RESULTED IN HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS?......Page 12
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 19
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 21
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 22
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 31
2.2.1.3 Immunological Effects......Page 33
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 34
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 35
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 38
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 39
2.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 44
2.2.4.1 Death......Page 45
2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 53
2.2.4.3 Immunological Effects......Page 55
2.2.4.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 56
2.2.4.8 Cancer......Page 57
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 59
2.3.1.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 60
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 61
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 62
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 64
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 65
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 66
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 74
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 75
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 77
2.8.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Plutonium......Page 78
2.8.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 80
2.8.3 On-going Studies......Page 84
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 85
4.3 USE......Page 92
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 93
5.2.2 Water......Page 95
5.2.3 Soil......Page 96
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 97
5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 99
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 100
5.4.1 Air......Page 101
5.4.2 Water......Page 104
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 107
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 108
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 109
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 110
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 111
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 112
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 113
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 120
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 121
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 122
8. REFERENCES......Page 132
EPA Health Advisory......Page 160
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 161
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 162
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY......Page 163
B.1 RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY......Page 164
B.2.2 Half-Life and Activity......Page 165
B.2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter......Page 169
B.2.4 Characteristics of Emitted Radiation......Page 170
B.3 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY DEPOSITION IN HUMAN TISSUES......Page 173
B.3.1 Dose Units......Page 174
B.3.3 Internal Emitters......Page 175
B.4.2 Radiation Effects at the Organ Level......Page 176
B.4.3 Acute and Chronic Somatic Effects......Page 177
B.5 UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION AND REGULATION......Page 178
References......Page 190