Toxicological profiles - Phenol

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PHENOL......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS PHENOL?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO PHENOL WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PHENOL?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN PHENOL ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN PHENOL AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN PHENOL AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 27
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO PHENOL?......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 35
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 50
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 51
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 53
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 54
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 66
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 73
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 74
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 75
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 76
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 78
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 79
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 85
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 90
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 91
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 92
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 93
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 94
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 96
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 98
2.3.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 102
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 103
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 104
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 105
2.3.5.1 Summary of PBPK Models......Page 106
2.3.5.2 Phenol PBPK Model Comparison......Page 107
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models......Page 109
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 112
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 113
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 131
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 137
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Phenol......Page 138
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 139
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 140
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 141
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Phenol......Page 142
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 145
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 152
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 155
4.3 USE......Page 159
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 162
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 163
5.2.2 Water......Page 165
5.2.3 Soil......Page 169
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 170
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 171
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 172
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 173
5.4.2 Water......Page 174
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 176
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 177
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 179
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 180
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 181
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 184
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 185
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 188
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 193
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 195
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 197
8. REFERENCES......Page 201
Intermediate Exposure......Page 233
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)......Page 234
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 235
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 238
USER'S GUIDE......Page 240
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 248