Toxicological profiles - Pentachlorophenol

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS PENTACHLOROPHENOL?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL?......Page 18
1.5 HOW CAN PENTACHLOROPHENOL AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 19
1.6 HOW CAN PENTACHLOROPHENOL AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 21
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL?......Page 22
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 24
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 27
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 28
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 31
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 35
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 37
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 38
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 40
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 41
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 42
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 43
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 45
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 46
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 47
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 73
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 76
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 77
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 79
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 81
3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 83
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 84
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 85
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 89
3.3 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS......Page 90
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 96
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 97
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 98
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 100
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 101
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 102
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 104
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 105
3.4.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 108
3.4.3.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 110
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 112
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 113
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 116
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 117
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 119
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 121
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 124
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 126
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 130
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Pentachlorophenol......Page 131
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Pentachlorophenol......Page 132
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 133
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 134
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 136
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 137
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Pentachlorophenol......Page 138
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 141
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 155
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 156
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 159
5.3 USE......Page 160
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 162
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 163
6.2.1 Air......Page 165
6.2.3 Soil......Page 170
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE......Page 171
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 172
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 175
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 176
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 178
6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 181
6.4.2 Water......Page 182
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 183
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 184
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 192
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 196
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 197
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 202
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 205
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 207
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 214
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 220
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 222
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 223
9. REFERENCES......Page 234
Case Report......Page 285
FEV1.0......Page 286
Lethal Time(LT50)......Page 287
Organophosphate or Organophosphorus Compound......Page 288
q1*......Page 289
Risk Ratio......Page 290
Xenobiotic......Page 291
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 292
USER'S GUIDE......Page 300
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 307