Toxicological profiles - N-hexane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR n-HEXANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS n-HEXANE?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO n-HEXANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN n-HEXANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN n-HEXANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN n-HEXANE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO n-HEXANE?......Page 27
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 28
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 34
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 58
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 73
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 75
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 78
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 79
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 80
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 87
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 88
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 89
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects.......Page 90
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 92
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 93
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 94
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 95
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 96
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 97
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 106
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 107
2.3.5.2 n-Hexane PBPK Model Comparison.......Page 108
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models.......Page 111
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 117
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 119
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 123
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 146
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 149
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to n-Hexane......Page 150
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by n-Hexane......Page 152
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 153
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 156
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 157
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 158
2.11.4 Ongoing Studies......Page 171
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 173
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 177
4.3 USE......Page 179
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 181
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 183
5.2.1 Air......Page 189
5.2.3 Soil......Page 190
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 191
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 192
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 194
5.4.1 Air......Page 196
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 198
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 199
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 200
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 201
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 202
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 203
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 206
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 207
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 210
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 215
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 217
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 219
8. REFERENCES......Page 228
Ceiling Value......Page 252
Intermediate Exposure—......Page 253
Mutagen......Page 254
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model......Page 255
Risk......Page 256
Xenobiotic......Page 257
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 258
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 260
USER'S GUIDE......Page 264
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 272