Toxicological profiles - Malathion

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MALATHION......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS MALATHION?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO MALATHION WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO MALATHION?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN MALATHION AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN MALATHION AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO MALATHION?......Page 27
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO MALATHION?......Page 29
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 30
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 31
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO MALATHION IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 33
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 35
Inhalation MRLs......Page 39
Oral MRLs......Page 41
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 44
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 45
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 46
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 47
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 54
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 55
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 57
3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 58
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 59
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 60
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 61
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 97
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 100
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 105
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 107
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 109
3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 112
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 113
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 119
3.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 120
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 122
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 123
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 130
3.4.1 Absorption......Page 131
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 133
3.4.2 Distribution......Page 136
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 137
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 138
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 139
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 143
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 144
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 145
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 146
3.5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 153
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 154
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 155
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 158
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 159
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 162
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 166
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Malathion......Page 168
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Malathion......Page 169
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 170
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 174
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 175
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 176
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Malathion......Page 177
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 180
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 191
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 196
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 197
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 201
5.3 USE......Page 203
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 204
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 205
6.2.1 Air......Page 208
6.2.2 Water......Page 210
6.2.3 Soil......Page 213
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 215
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 219
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 220
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 223
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 224
6.4.1 Air......Page 225
6.4.2 Water......Page 227
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 228
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 229
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 235
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 240
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 241
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 246
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 248
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 254
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 260
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 261
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 263
9. REFERENCES......Page 277
Case- Control Study......Page 320
Half- life......Page 321
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)......Page 322
Pharmacokinetics......Page 323
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 324
Toxic Dose(50) (TD50)......Page 325
Xenobiotic......Page 326
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 328
USER'S GUIDE......Page 338
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 346